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Cronología de la ingeniería eléctrica y electrónica
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Las siguientes tablas cronológicas enumeran los descubrimientos e invenciones en la historia de la [[ingeniería eléctrica]] y de la [[ingeniería electrónica]]. <ref>Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of science and Engineering, London, 1975 </ref><ref>Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259-260, Kemal İnan pp 245-263</ref>
== Cronología de los descubrimientos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Año
! Evento
|-
|600 B.C. || [[Tales de Mileto]] descubrió la electricidad estática frotando la piel sobre sustancias como el [[ámbar]].
|-
| 1600 || [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]], científico inglés, acuñó la palabra ''electricus'' después de experimentos cuidadosos.
|-
| 1705 || [[Francis Hauksbee]], científico inglés, hace una bola de cristal que brillaba cuando se giraba y se frotaba con la mano.
|-
| 1720 || [[Stephen Gray (científico)|Stephen Gray]], científico inglés, hace la distinción entre aisladores y conductores.
|-
| 1745 || [[Ewald Georg von Kleist]], físico alemán, y [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]], científico holandés, inventan las [[botella de Leyden|botellas de Leyden]].
|-
| 1752 || [[Benjamin Franklin]], científico estadounidense, demuestra que los rayos eran eléctricos al volar una cometa y explica cómo funcionan las botellas de Leyden.
|-
| 1780 || [[Luigi Galvani]], científico italiano, descubrió la [[acción galvánica]] en el tejido vivo.
|-
| 1785 || [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]], físico francés, formula y publica la [[ley de Coulomb]] en su artículo ''Premier Mémoire sur l'Électricité et le Magnétisme''.
|-
| 1785 || [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], matemático francés, desarrolla la [[transformada de Laplace]] para transformar una ecuación diferencial lineal en una ecuación algebraica. Más tarde, su transformación se convirtió en una herramienta en el análisis de circuitos.
|-
| 1800 || [[Alessandro Volta]], físico italiano, inventa la batería.
|-
| 1808 || Teoría atómica de [[John Dalton]]
|-
| 1816 || [[Francis Ronalds]], inventor inglés, construyó el primer [[telégrafo eléctrico]] funcional.
|-
| 1820 || [[Hans Christian Ørsted]], físico danés, descubre accidentalmente que un campo eléctrico crea un campo magnético
|-
| 1820 || [[André-Marie Ampère]], físico francés, una semana después del descubrimiento de Ørsted, publica su ley. También propone la [[regla de tornillo de mano derecha]].
|-
| 1821 || [[Thomas Johann Seebeck]], científico alemán, descubre la [[termoelectricidad]]
|-
| 1825 || [[William Sturgeon]], físico inglés, desarrolla el primer [[electroimán]]
|-
| 1827 || [[Georg Ohm]], físico alemán introduce el concepto de [[resistencia eléctrica]]
|-
| 1831 || [[Michael Faraday]], físico inglés, publica la [[ley de la inducción de Faraday|ley de la inducción]] ([[Joseph Henry]] desarrolla la misma ley de forma independiente)
|-
| 1831 || [[Joseph Henry]], científico estadounidense, desarrolló en Estados Unidos un prototipo de [[motor DC]]
|-
| 1832 || [[Hippolyte Pixii]], fabricante de instrumentos francés, desarrolla en Francia un prototipo de [[generador eléctrico#Dinamo|generador DC]]
|-
| 1833 || Michael Faraday desarrolla las leyes de la [[electrólisis]]
|-
| 1833 || Michael Faraday inventa el [[termistor]]
|-
| 1833 || [[Samuel Hunter Christie]], inglés, inventa el [[puente de Wheatstone]] (lleva el nombre de [[Charles Wheatstone]] que lo popularizó)
|-
| 1836 || l sacerdote irlandés (y más tarde científico) [[Nicholas Callan]] inventa el [[transformador ]] en Irlanda
|-
| 1837 || El científico inglés [[Edward Davy]] inventa el [[relé eléctrico]]
|-
| 1839 || El científico francés [[Edmond Becquerel]] descubre el [[efecto fotovoltaico]]
|-
| 1844 || El inventor estadounidense[[Samuel Morse]] desarrolla la [[telegrafía]] y el [[código Morse]].</div>
|-
| 1845 || German physicist [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], físico alemán, desarrollados leyes ahora conocidas como leyes de circuito de Kirchhoff
|-
| 1850 || Belgian engineer [[Floris Nollet]], ingeniero belga, inventa (y patenta) un práctico generador de CA.
|-
| 1851 || [[Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff]] primera bobina, que patenta en 1851
|-
| 1855 || Primera utilización de AC (en electroterapia) por [[Guillaume Duchenne]], neurólogo francés.
|-
| 1856 || Belgian engineer [[Charles Bourseul]], ingeniero belga propone la [[telefonía]]
|-
| 1856 || Primera casa de luz alimentada eléctricamente en Inglaterra.
|-
| 1860 || [[Johann Philipp Reis]], científico alemán, inventa el [[micrófono]]
|-
| 1862 || [[James Clerk Maxwell]], físico escocés, publica cuatro ecuaciones con su nombre.
|-
| 1866 || [[Cable telegráfico transatlántico]]
|-
| 1873 || [[Zenobe Gramme]], ingeniero belga, que ya había desarrollado un generador de CC, descubrió accidentalmente que un generador de CC también funciona como un motor de CC durante una exhibición en Viena.
|-
| 1876 || [[Pavel Yablochkov]], ingeniero ruso, inventa la [[lámpara de arco]] de carbono eléctrica
|-
| 1876 || [[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventor escocés, patenta el teléfono.
|-
| 1877 || Primer alumbrado público en París, Francia
|-
| 1877 || [[Thomas Alva Edison]], inventor estadounidense, inventa el [[fonógrafo]]-
|-
| 1877 || [[Werner von Siemens]], industrial alemán, desarrolla un primitivo [[altavoz]]-
|-
| 1878 || Primera planta hidroeléctrica en Cragside, Inglaterra.
|-
| 1878 || [[William Crookes]] inventa el [[tubo de Crookes]] un prototipo de los tubos de vacío.
|-
| 1878 || English engineer [[Joseph Swan]], ingeniero inglés, inventa la [[bombilla incandescente]].
|-
| 1879 || American physicist [[Edwin Herbert Hall]], físico estadounidense, descubre el [[efecto Hall]]
|-
| 1879 || Thomas Alva Edison introduced un filamento de larga duración para la lámpara incandescente.
|-
| 1880 || [[Pierre Curie]] y [[Jacques Curie]], físicos franceses, descubrien la [[piezoelectricidad]]
|-
| 1882 || Primeras centrales térmicas en Londres y Nueva York.
|-
| 1883 || [[J. J. Thomson]], físico inglés, inventa las [[guía de onda|guías de onda]].
|-
| 1887 || [[Emile Berliner]], inventor germano-americano, inventa la [[grabación con gramófono]].
|-
| 1888 || [[Heinrich Hertz]], físico alemán, demuestra la existencia de ondas electromagnéticas, incluyendo lo que se llamaría ondas de radio.
|-
| 1888 || Italian physicist and electrical engineer [[Galileo Ferraris]], físico e ingeniero eléctrico italiano, publica un artículo sobre el [[motor de inducción]] y [Nikola Tesla]], ingeniero serbio-estadounidense, obtiene una patente de EE. UU. sobre el mismo dispositivo.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]</ref>
|-
| 1890 || Thomas Alva Edison inventa el [[fusible]]-
|-
| 1893 || Durante la Cuarta Conferencia Internacional de Electricistas en Chicago se definieron unidades eléctricas.
|-
| 1894 || Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], físico ruso, encuentra un uso para las ondas de radio y construye un [[receptor de radio]] que puede detectar rayos.finds a use for radio waves, building a [[radio receiver]] that can detect lightning strikes
|-
| 1895 || [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] descubre los [[rayos X]].
|-
| 1896 || Primer telegrama intercontinental exitoso.
|-
| 1897 || [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], inventor alemán, inventa el [[osciloscopio|osciloscopio de rayos catódicos]] (CRO)
|-
| 1900 || [[Guglielmo Marconi]], inventor italiano, construye el primer sistema de comunicación de radio basado en la [[radiotelegrafía]]
|-
| 1901 || Primera transmisión de radio transatlántica de Guglielmo Marconi.
|-
| 1901 || [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa la [[lámpara fluorescente]].
|-
| 1904 || [[John Ambrose Fleming]], ingeniero inglés, inventa el [[diodo]]
|-
| 1906 || [[Lee de Forest]], inventor estadounidense, inventa el [[triodo]]
|-
| 1908 || [[Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton]], ingeniero escocés, establece los principios de la [[televisión]].
|-
| 1911 || [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], físico holandés, descubre la [[superconductividad]]
|-
| 1912 || [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]], ingeniero estadounidense, desarrolla un [[oscilador electrónico]]
|-
| 1915 || French physicist [[Paul Langevin]], físico francés, y [[Constantin Chilowsky]], ingeniero ruso, inventan el sonar
|-
| 1917 || [[Alexander M. Nicholson]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[oscilador de cristal]]
|-
| 1918 || [[Henri Abraham]], físico francés, y [[Eugene Bloch]] inventan el [[multivibrador]]
|-
| 1919 || Edwin Howard Armstrong desarrolla un receptor de radio AM [[Superheterodyne receiver|standard AM]] radio receiver
|-
| 1921 || La [[Sistema métrico|convención del metro]] se amplia para incluir las unidades eléctricas.
|-
| 1921 || [[Edith Clarke]] inventa la "calculadora Clarke", una [[calculadora gráfica ]] para resolver ecuaciones de línea con funciones hiperbólicas, que permite a los ingenieros eléctricos simplificar los cálculos de [[inductancia]] y [[capacidad]] en l[[íneas de transmisión de potencia]].<ref></ref>
|-
| 1925 || [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]], ingeniero austriaco estadounidense, patenta la primera FET (que se hizo popular mucho más tarde).
|-
| 1926 || [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] y [[Shintaro Uda]], ingenieros japoneses , desarroll la [[antena Yagi-Uda]].
|-
| 1927 || [[Harold Stephen Black]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[amplificador de retroalimentación negativa]]
|-
| 1927 || [[Max Dieckmann]], físico alemán, inventa el [[tubo de la cámara de video]]
|-
| 1928 || Primera [[emisión de televisión]] experimental en Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1929 || Primera emisión pública de televisión en Alemania.
|-
| 1931 || Primera planta de [[energía eólica]] en la Unión Soviética.
|-
| 1936 || [[Dudley E. Foster]] y [[Stuart William Seeley]] desarrollan un [[Foster–Seeley discriminator|circuito detector de FM]].
|-
| 1936 || [[Paul Eisler]], ingeniero austriaco, inventa la [[ placa de circuito impreso]].
|-
| 1936 || Scottish Scientist [[Robert Watson-Watt]], científico escocés, desarrolla el concepto de [[radar]] que se había propuesto anteriormente.
|-
| 1938 || Russian American engineer [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]], ingeniero ruso-estadounidense desarrolla el [[iconoscopio]].
|-
| 1939 || Edwin Howard Armstrong desarrolla un receptor de radio FM.
|-
| 1939 || [[Varian Associates|Russell y Sigurd Varian]] desarrollan el primer tubo [[Klystron]] en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1941 || [[Konrad Zuse]], ingeniero alemán, desarrolla la primera [[computadora]] programable en Berlín
|-
| 1944 || [[John Logie Baird]], ingeniero escocés, desarrolla el primer [[tubo de imagen en color]]
|-
| 1945 || [[Cable telefonico transatlantico]]
|-
| 1947 || [[John Bardeen]] y [[Walter Houser Brattain]], ingenieros estadounidenses, junto con el líder de su grupo [[William Shockley]] inventan el [[transistor]].
|-
| 1948 || H[[Dennis Gabor]], físico húngaro-británico, inventa la [[holografía ]]
|-
| 1950 || [[Alfred Kastler]], físico francés, inventa el [[máser]]
|-
| 1951 || Primera [[planta de energía nuclear]] en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1953 || Primera computadora totalmente transistorizada en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1958 || [[Jack Kilby]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[circuito integrado]] (IC,''integrated circuit'')
|-
| 1960 || [[Theodore Harold Maiman]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[LASER]]
|-
| 1962 || [[Nick Holonyak Jr.]] inventa el [[LED]]
|-
| 1963 || Primera [[grabadora de videocasetes]] doméstica (VCR)
|-
| 1963 || [[Calculadora electrónica]]
|-
|2008 || American scientist [[Richard Stanley Williams]], científico estadounidense, inventa el [[memristor]] que había sidopropuesto por [[Leon O. Chua]] en 1971.
|}
== Cronología de las invenciones asociadas ==
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
{| class="collapsible wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:92%;"
! colspan=9 style="background: #ccf"|'''Brief History of Electronics Timeline '''
|-
! Date !! Invention/Discovery !! Inventor(s)
|-
| 1900 || [[Old quantum theory]] || Planck
|-
| 1905 || [[Theory of relativity]] || Einstein
|-
| 1918 || [[Nuclear transmutation|Atomic transmutation]] || Rutherford
|-
| 1932 || [[Neutron]] || Chadwick
|-
| 1932 || [[Particle accelerator]] || Crockcroft and Walton
|-
| 1935 || [[Scanning electron microscope]] || Knoll
|-
| 1937 || [[Xerography]] || Carlson
|-
| 1937 || [[Oscillograph]] || Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen
|-
| 1950 || [[Modem]] || MIT and Bell Labs
|-
| 1950 || [[Karnaugh map]]ping technique (digital logic) || Karnaugh
|-
| 1952 || Digital [[voltmeter]] || Kay
|-
| 1954 || Solar battery || Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson
|-
| 1956 || [[Transatlantic telephone cable]] || UK and U.S.
|-
| 1957 || [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik I satellite]] || Soviet Union
|-
| 1957 || [[Nuclear Missile]] || Kurchatov / Soviet Union
|-
| 1957 || [[Fortran|FORTRAN programming language]] || Watson Scientific
|-
| 1959 || First one-piece plain paper [[photocopier]] ([[Xerox 914]]) || [[Xerox]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Veroboard]] ([[Stripboard]]) || Terry Fitzpatrick
|-
| 1961 || [[Clock#Electric clocks|Electronic clock]] || Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840.
|-
| 1963 || First commercially successful [[Compact cassette|audio compact cassette]] || [[Philips]] Corporation
|-
| 1964 || [[BASIC programming language]] || Kemeny and Kurtz
|-
| 1964 || [[Liquid-crystal display]] || [[George H. Heilmeier]]
|-
| 1966 || [[Optical fiber communications]] || Kao and Hockham
|-
| late 1960s || First [[Fax#Digital|digital fax machine]] || [[Dacom]]
|-
| 1969 || [[Unix|UNIX]] operating system || AT&T's Bell Labs
|-
| 1970 || First [[microprocessor]] ([[Intel 4004|4004]], 60,000 oper/s) || Intel
|-
| 1970 || First commercially available [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] memory || IBM
|-
| 1971 || [[EPROM]] || N/A
|-
| 1971 || [[Pascal (programming language)|PASCAL programming language]] || Wirth
|-
| 1971 || First [[microcomputer]]-on-a-chip || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1971 || [[Laser printer]] || [[Xerox]]
|-
| 1972 || [[Intel 8008|8008 processor]] (200 kHz, 16 kB) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1972 || First programmable [[word processor]] || Automatic Electronic Systems
|-
| 1972 || 5¼-inch diskette || N/A
|-
| 1972 || First modern [[Automated teller machine|ATM machine]] (IBM 2984) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Josephson junction]] || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Tunable laser|Tunable continuous-wave laser]] || [[Bell Labs]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Ethernet]] || Metcalfe
|-
| 1973 || [[Mobile phone]] || [[John Francis Mitchell|John F. Mitchell]] and Dr. [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]
|-
| 1974 || [[C (programming language)]] || [[Brian Kernighan|Kernighan]], [[Dennis Ritchie|Ritchie]]
|-
| 1974 || [[Programmable calculator|Programmable pocket calculator]] || [[Hewlett-Packard]]
|-
| 1975 || [[BASIC]] for personal computers || [[Paul Allen|Allen]]
|-
| 1975 || First personal computer ([[Altair 8800]]) || Roberts
|-
| 1975 || [[Digital camera]] || [[Steven Sasson]] of [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Integrated optical circuit]]s || Reinhart and Logan
|-
| 1975 || Omni-font [[optical character recognition]] system || [[Nuance Communications]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Image scanner#Flatbed|CCD flatbed scanner]] || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1975 || Text-to-speech synthesis || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1975 || First commercial [[reading machine]] for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1976 || [[Apple I|Apple I computer]] || [[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak]], [[Steve Jobs|Jobs]]
|-
| 1977 || Launch of the "[[History of personal computers#1977 and the emergence of the "Trinity"| 1977 trinity computers]]" expanding [[Home computer|home computing]], the [[Apple II]], [[Commodore PET]] and the [[TRS-80]] || Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1977 || First [[Handheld game console|handheld electronic game]] ([[Mattel Auto Race|Auto Race]]) || [[Mattel]]
|-
| 1978 || [[WordPerfect]] 1.0 || Satellite Software
|-
| 1980 || 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) || N/A
|-
| 1980 || [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] || Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1981 || [[IBM Personal Computer]] (8088 processor) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1981 || [[MS-DOS]] 1.0 || [[Microsoft]]
|-
| 1981 || "Wet" [[solar cell]] || [[Bayer AG]]
|-
| 1982 || [[Commodore 64]] || Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1982 || First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil]] Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems
|-
| 1983 || [[Satellite television]] || U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.
|-
| 1983 || First built-in [[hard disk drive|hard drive]] ([[IBM Personal Computer XT|IBM PC XT]]) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1983 || [[C++]] (programming language) || Stroostrup
|-
| 1984 || [[Macintosh]] computer (introduced) || Apple Computer
|-
| 1984 || [[CD-ROM]] player for personal computers || Philips
|-
| 1984 || First [[Synthesizer|music synthesizer]] ([[Kurzweil K250]]) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments || [[Kurzweil Music Systems]]
|-
| 1984 || [[Amiga]] computer (introduced) || Commodore
|-
| 1985 || 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single [[optical fiber#History|optical fiber]] || AT&T, Bell Labs
|-
| 1987 || Warmer [[superconductivity]] || Karl Alex Mueller
|-
| 1987 || [[Intel 80386|80386 microprocessor]] (25 MHz) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1989 || First commercial handheld [[GPS navigation device|GPS receiver]] (Magellan NAV 1000) || [[Magellan Navigation|Magellan Navigation Inc.]]
|-
| 1989 || [[Silicon-germanium]] transistors || IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson
|-
| 1990 || [[Intel 80486|486]] microprocessor (33 MHz) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1993 || Weather Control Device / [[HAARP]] || U.S.
|-
| 1994 || [[Pentium]] processor, [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]]-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) || Intel
|-
| 1994 || [[Bluetooth]] || [[Ericsson]]
|-
| 1994 || First [[DVD player]] ever made || Tatung Company
|-
| 1996 || [[Alpha 21164]] processor (550 MHz) || Digital Equipment
|-
| 1996 || [[POWER2#P2SC|P2SC processor]] (15 million transistors) || [[IBM]]
|-
|}
== Consumer Electronics ==
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
=== 1843-1923: From electromechanics to electronics ===
[[File:Phonograph Meyers.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Thomas Edison]]'s [[phonograph]]]]
* 1843: Watchmaker [[Alexander Bain (inventor)]] develops the basic concept of displaying images as points with different [[brightness]] values.
* 1848: [[Frederick Collier Bakewell]] invents the first [[wirephoto]] machine, an early fax machine
* 1861: Grade school teacher [[Philipp Reis]] presents his [[Reis telephone|telephone]] in Frankfurt, inventing the [[loudspeaker]] as a by-product.
* 1867: French poet and philosopher [[Charles Cros]] (1842 - 1888) presents the construction principle of a [[phonograph]] in his 'paréophone', which turned out not to be a commercial success at the time.
* 1867: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831 - 1879) develops a theory predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves and establishes [[Maxwell's equations]] to describe their properties. Together with the [[Lorentz force]] law, these equations form the foundation for classical electrodynamics and classical optics as well as electric circuits.
* 1874: [[Ferdinand Braun]] discovers the [[rectifier]] effect in [[metal sulfide]]s and [[metal oxide]]s.
* 1877: [[Thomas Edison]] (1847 - 1931) invents the first [[phonograph]], using a tin foil cylinder. For the first time sounds could be recorded and played. A [[horn loudspeaker|phonograph horn]] with membrane and needle was arranged in such a way that the needle had contact to the tinfoil.
* 1880: the American physicist [[Charles Sumner Tainter]] discovers that many disadvantages of Edison's cylinders can be eliminated if the [[soundtrack]] is arranged in spiral form and engraved in a flat, round disk. Technical problems soon ended these experiments. Still, Tainter is regarded as the inventor of the [[gramophone record]].
* 1884: [[Paul Nipkow]] obtains a patent for his [[Nipkow disk]], an image scanning device that reads images serially, which constitutes the foundation for [[mechanical television]]. Two years later his patent runs out.
* 1886: [[Heinrich Hertz]] succeeds in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves for the first time - now the groundwork for [[wireless telegraphy]] and [[radio broadcasting]] in physical science is laid.
* 1887: Unaware of [[Charles Sumner Tainter]]'s experiments, German-American [[Emil Berliner]] has his phonograph patented. He used a disk instead of a cylinder, primarily to avoid infringing on Edison's patent. Quickly it becomes obvious that flat [[Gramophone record]]s are easier to duplicate and store.
* 1888:
** [[Alexander Graham Bell]] (1847 - 1922) significantly reduces [[interfering noise]]s by using a wax cylinder instead of tin foil. This paves the way to commercial success for the improved phonograph.
** American [[Oberlin Smith]] describes a process to record audio using a cotton thread with integrated fine wire clippings. This makes [[reel-to-reel audio tape recording]] possible.
* 1890:
** The phonograph becomes faster and more convenient due to an [[electric motor]]. The electric motor brings on the first [[juke box]] with cylinders - even before flat disk records were widely available.
** Thomas Edison discovers [[thermionic emission]]. To this day, this effect forms the basis for the [[vacuum tube]] and the [[cathode ray tube]].
* approximately 1893: The invention of the selenium [[phototube]] allows the conversion of brightness values into electrical signals. The principle is applied in [[wirephoto]] and [[television]] technology for a short time. [[Selenium]] is used in [[light meter]]s for the next 50 years.
[[File:Musée français de la photographie de Bièvres 2011 29.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cinematograph|Cinématographe]] camera by the Lumière brothers in 1895 (ref 86.5822) at the French Museum of Photography in Bièvres, Essonne, France]]
* 1895: [[Auguste Lumiere]]'s [[cinematograph]] displays moving images for the first time. In the same year, brothers [[Max Skladanowsky|Emil and Max Skladanowsky]] present their "Bioscop" in Berlin.
* 1897
** Ferdinand Braun invents the "inertialess cathode ray [[oscillograph]] tube", a principle which remained unchanged in television picture tubes.
** The Italian [[Guglielmo Marconi]] transmits [[wireless telegraph]] messages by electromagnetic waves over a distance of five kilometers.
* 1898
** The Danish physicist [[Valdemar Poulsen]] creates the world's first [[magnetic recording]] and reproduction, using a 1 mm thick steel [[Wire recording|wire]] as a magnetizable carrier.
** [[Nikola Tesla]] demonstrated the first wireless [[remote control]] of a model ship.
* 1899: The dog "Nipper" is used in "[[His Master's Voice]]", the trademark for gramophones and records.
* 1902
** [[Otto von Bronk]] patented his "Method and apparatus for remote visualization of images and objects with temporary resolution of the images in parallel rows of dots". This patent, originally developed for phototelegraphy, impacted the development of [[color television]], particularly the [[NTSC]] implementation.
** For the first time audio records are printed with paper labels in the middle.
* 1903: [[Guglielmo Marconi]] provides evidence that wireless telegraphic communication is possible over long distances, such as across the Atlantic. He used a transmitter developed by [[Ferdinand Braun]].
* 1904
** For the first time, double-sided records, and those with a diameter of 30 cm are produced, increasing playing time up to 11 minutes (5.5 minutes per side). These are created by Odeon in Berlin and debuted at the Leipzig Spring Fair.
** The German physicist [[Arthur Korn]] developed the first practical method for [[telegraphy]].
* 1905: The Englishman Sir [[John Ambrose Fleming]] invents the first [[Fleming valve|electron tube]].
* 1906
** [[Robert von Lieben]] patented his "inertia working cathode-ray-relays". By 1910 he developed this into the first real [[tube amplifier]], by creating a [[triode]]. His invention of the triode is almost simultaneously created by the American [[Lee de Forest]].
** [[Max Dieckmann]] and [[Gustav Glage]] use the [[Braun tube]] for playback of 20-line black-and-white images.
** The first [[jukebox]] with records comes on the market.
** American Brigadier General [[Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody]] files for a patent for a carborundum steel detector for use in a [[crystal radio]], an improved version of the [[Cat's-whisker detector]]. It is sometimes credited as the first [[semiconductor]] in history. The [[envelope detector]] is an important part of every radio receiver.
* 1907: Rosenthal puts in his image telegraph for the first time a [[photocell]].
* 1911: First [[film studio]]s are created in Hollywood and Potsdam- Babelsberg .
* 1912: The first [[radio receiver]] is created, in accordance with the [[Audion principle]].
* 1913: The legal battle over the invention of the electron tube between [[Robert von Lieben]] and [[Lee de Forest]] is decided. The electron tube is replaced by a high [[vacuum]] in the glass flask with significantly improved properties.
** [[Alexander Meissner]] patented his process "feedback for generating oscillations", by his development of a [[radio station]] using an electron tube .
** The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent on the manufacture of [[printed circuit]]s by etched metal.
* 1915: [[Carl Benedicks]] leads basic studies in Sweden on the electrical properties of [[silicon]] and [[germanium]]. Due to the emerging tube technology, however, interest in semiconductors remains low until after the Second World War.
* 1917
** Based on previous findings of the Englishman [[Oliver Lodge]], the Frenchman Lucien Levy develops a radio receiver with frequency tuning using a resonant circuit.
* 1919: [[Charlie Chaplin]] founded the Hollywood film production and distribution company [[United Artists]]
* 1920: The first regularly operating radio station [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] goes on air on 2 November 1920 in [[Philadelphia]], USA. It is the first time electronics are used to transmit information and entertainment to the public at large. The same year in Germany an instrumental concert was broadcast on the radio from a long-wave transmitter in Wusterhausen.
* 1922: J. McWilliams Stone invents the first portable radio receiver. George Frost builds the first "car radio" in his Ford Model T.
* 1923
** The 15-year-old [[Manfred von Ardenne]] is granted his first patent for an electron tube having a plurality of electrodes. Siegmund Loewe (1885-1962) builds with the tube his first radio receiver "Loewe Opta-".
** The Hungarian engineer [[Dénes Mihály]] patented an image scanning with line deflection, in which each point of an image is scanned ten times per second by a selenium cell.
** [[August Karolus]] (1893-1972) invents the [[Kerr cell]], an almost inertia-free conversion of electrical pulses into light signals. He was granted a patent for his method of transmitting slides.
** Vladimir Kosma developed the first television camera tube, the Ikonoskop, using the Braun tube.
** The German State Secretary Karl August Bredow founded the first German [[broadcasting]] organization. By lifting the ban on broadcast reception and the opening of the first private radio station, the development of radio as a mass medium begins.
<!--End of google translation-->
=== 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV ===
* 1924: the first radio receivers are exhibited at the [[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin|Berlin Radio Show]]
* 1925
** [[Brunswick Records]] in [[Dubuque, Iowa]] produced their first record player, the Brunswick Panatrope with a [[Pickup (music technology)|pickup]], [[amplifier]] and loudspeaker
** In the American [[Bell Laboratories]], a method for recording of records obtained by microphone and tube amps for series production. Also in Germany working on it is ongoing since 1922. 1925 appear the first electrically recorded disks in both countries.
** At the [[Leipzig Spring Fair]], the first miniature camera "[[Leica Camera|Leica]]" is presented to the public.
** [[John Logie Baird]] performs the first screening of a living head with a resolution of 30 vertical lines using a [[Nipkow disk]].
** August Karolus demonstrated in Germany television with 48 lines and ten image changes per second.
* 1926
** Edison developed the first "[[LP record|LP]]". By dense grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduction of speed to 80 min -1 (later 78 min -1 ) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20 minutes. He carries himself with the decline of his phonograph business.
** The German State Railroad offers a [[cordless telephone]] service in moving trains between Berlin and Hamburg - the idea of [[mobile telephony]] is born.
** John Logie Baird developed the first commercial [[television set]] in the world. It was not until 1930, he is called a " telescreen sold "at a price of 20 pounds.
* 1927
** The first fully electronic [[music box]]es ("[[Jukebox]]es") used in the USA on the market.
** German Grammophon on sale due to a license agreement with the [[Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company]]. Its first fully electronic [[turntable]]s.
** The first industrially manufactured [[vehicle audio|car radio]], the "Philco Transitone" from the "Storage Battery Co." in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the market.
** The first [[shortwave radio]] - Rundfunkübertragung overseas broadcast by the station [[PCJJ]] the Philips factories in [[Eindhoven]] in the Dutch colonies.
** Opening of the first regular telegraphy -Dienstes between Berlin and Vienna.
** First commercial [[sound film]]s ("[[The Jazz Singer]]", USA) using the "Needle sound" back in sync with the film screening for LPs over loudspeakers.
** First public television broadcasts in the UK by John Logie Baird between London and Glasgow and in the USA by [[Frederic Eugene Ives]] (1882-1953) between Washington and New York.
** The American inventor [[Philo Taylor Farnsworth]] (1906-1971) developed in Los Angeles, the first fully [[History of television#Electronic television|electronic television system]] in the world.
** John Logie Baird developed his [[Phonovision]], the first [[videodisc]] player. 30-line television images are stored on shellac records. At 78 RPM mechanically scanned, the images can be played back on his "telescreen". It could not play sound nor keep up with the rapidly increasing resolution of television. More than 40 years later, commercial optical disc players came onto the market.
* 1928: [[Fritz Pfleumer]] got the first [[tape recorder]] patent. It replaces [[Wire recording|steel wire]] with paper coated in [[iron powder]]. According to [[Valdemar Poulsen]] (1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic sound, image and data storage
** [[Dénes Mihály]] presented in Berlin a small circle, the first authentic television broadcast in Germany, having worked at least since 1923 in this field.
** August Karolus and the company [[Telefunken]] put on the "fifth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1928" the prototype of a television receiver, with an image size of 8 cm × 10 cm and a resolution of about 10,000 pixels, a much better picture quality than previous devices.
** In New York (USA) the first regular television broadcasts of the experiment station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]], operated by the [[General Electric Company]] (GE). Sporadic television news and dramas radiate from these stations by 1928.
*** The first commercially produced television receiver of the Daven Corporation in Newark is offered for $75.
** John Logie Baird transmits the first television pictures internationally, and the same across the Atlantic from London to New York. He also demonstrated the world's first color television transmission in London.
* 1929
** Edison withdraws from the phono business - the disk has ousted the cylinder.
** The company [[Columbia Records]] developed the first portable record player that can be connected to any tube radio. It also created the first radio / phonograph combinations, the precursor to the 1960s music chests.
[[File:Dailygraph.jpg|thumb|upright|Daylygraph wire recorder]]
** The German physicist Curt Stille (1873-1957) records magnetic sound for film, on a perforated steel band. First, this "Magnettonverfahren" has no success. Years later it is rediscovered for amateur films, providing easy [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]]. A "Daylygraph" or Magnettongerät had amplifier and equalizer, and a mature Magnettondiktiergerät called "Textophon".
** Based on patents, which he had purchased of silence, brings the Englishman E. Blattner the " Blattnerphone "the first magnetic sound recording on the market. It records on a thin steel band.
** The first [[sound film]] using [[optical sound]] premiers. Since the early 1920s, various people have developed this method. The same optoelectronic method also allows for the first time the post-processing of recorded music to sound recordings of it.
** The director [[Carl Froelich]] (1875-1953) turns "[[The Night Belongs to Us]]", the first German sound film.
** [[20th Century Fox]] presents in New York on an 8 m × 4 m big screen the first widescreen movie.
** The radio station Witzleben begins in Germany with the regular broadcasting of television test broadcasts, initially on long wave with 30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes per second. It appear first blueprints for television receiver.
** John Logie Baird starts in the UK on behalf of the BBC with regular experimental television broadcasts to the public.
** Frederic Eugene Ives transmits a color television from New York to Washington.
* 1930
** Manfred von Ardenne invented and developed the [[flying-spot scanner]], Europe's first fully electronic television camera tube.
** In Britain, the first [[Television advertisement|television advertising]] and the first TV interview
* 1931
** The British engineer and inventor Alan Dower Blumlein (1903-1942) invents "Binaural Sound", today called "Stereo". He developed the stereo record and the first three-way speaker. He makes experimental films with stereo sound. Then he becomes leader of the development team for the EMI -405-line television system.
** The company RCA Victor presents to the public the first real [[LP record]], the 35 cm diameter and 33.33 RPM give sufficient playing time for an entire orchestral work. But the new turntables are initially so expensive that they are only gain broad acceptance after the Second World War - then as vinyl record.
** The French physicist René Barthélemy leads in Paris the first public television with clay before. The BBC launches first Tonversuche in the UK.
** Public World Premiere of electronic television - without electro-mechanical components such as the Nipkow disk - on the "eighth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1931 ". Doberitz / Pomerania is the first German location for a tone-TV stations.
** Manfred von Ardenne can be the principle of a color picture tube patent: Narrow strips of [[phosphor]]s in the three primary colors are closely juxtaposed arranged so that they complement each other with the electron flow to white light. A separate control of the three colors has not yet provided.
* 1932
** The company AEG and BASF start for the [[magnetic tape]] method of Fritz Pfleumer to care (1928). They develop new devices and tapes, in which celluloid is used instead of paper as a carrier material.
** In Britain, the BBC sends first radio programs time-shifted instead of live.
** The company telephone and radio apparatus factory Ideal AG (today [[Blaupunkt]]) provides a car radio using Bowden cables to control it from the steering column.
* 1933
** After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany is broadcasting finally a political tool. Systematic censorship is to prevent opposition and spread the "Aryan culture". Series production of the " People's recipient VE 301 "starts.
** [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] demonstrates that [[frequency-modulated]] (FM) radio transmissions are less susceptible to interference than amplitude-modulated (AM). However, practical application is long delayed.
** In the USA the first opened drive-in theater.
* 1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little favor - the necessary playback devices are still too expensive. The term "[[High fidelity|High Fidelity]]" is embossed around this time.
* 1935
** AEG and BASF place at the Berlin Radio Show, the tape recorder " Magnetophon K1 "and the appropriate magnetic tapes before. In case of fire in the exhibition hall all four exhibited devices are destroyed.
** In Germany the world's first regular television program operating for about 250 mostly public reception points starts in Berlin and the surrounding area. The mass production of television receivers is - probably due to the high price of 2,500 Reichsmarks - not yet started.
** At the same time, the research institute of the German Post (RPF) begins with development work for a color television methods, but which are later reinstated due to the Second World War.
* 1936
** [[Olympic Games in Berlin]] broadcast live.
** "Olympia suitcase", battery-powered portable radio receiver, introduced.
** The first mobile television camera (180 lines, all-electronic) is used for live television broadcasts of the Olympic Games.
** Also in the UK are first regular television broadcasts - now for the perfect electronic EMI system, which soon replaced the mechanical part Baird system - broadcast.
** Video telephony connections between booths in Berlin and Leipzig. Later connections from Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich added.
** The Frenchman Raymond Valtat reports on a patent, which describes the principle of working with binary numbers abacus.
** [[Konrad Zuse]] works on a dual electromechanical computing machine that is ready in 1937.
* 1937
** First sapphire needle for records of the company Siemens
** The [[interlaced video]] method is introduced on TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmitter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441 lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of 220 half-lines. Until the HDTV era the interlace method remains in use.
** First movie encoder make it possible not to send the TV live, but to rely on recordings.
* 1938
** The improved AEG tape-recorder "Magnetophon K4" is first used in radio studios. The belt speed is 77 cm / s, which at 1000 m length of tape has a playing time of 22 minutes.
** Werner Flechsig invents the [[shadow mask]] method for separate control of the three primary colors in a color picture tube.
* 1939
** On the "16th Great German Radio and television broadcasting exhibition Berlin 1939 ", the" German Unity television receiver E1 "and announces the release of free commercial television. Due to the difficult political and economic situation, only about 50 devices are sold instead of the planned 10,000.
** In the USA the first regular television broadcasts take place.
* 1940
** The development of television technology for military purposes increases the resolution to 1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commercial [[HDTV]] television reached that resolution almost half a century later.
** The problem of band noise with tape devices is reduced dramatically by the invention of radio frequency bias of Walter Weber and Hans-Joachim von Braunmühl.
* 1942 : The first all-electronic computer is used by [[John Vincent Atanasoff]], but quickly fades into oblivion. Four years later the ENIAC completed - the beginning of the end of Electromechanics in computers and calculators.
* 1945-1947 : American soldiers capture in Germany some tape recorders. This and the nullified German patents leads to the development of the first tape recorders in the United States. The first home device " Sound Mirror "by the Brush Development Co. is there on the market.
* 1948
** The American physicist and industrialist [[Edwin Herbert Land]] (1909-1991) launches the first [[instant camera]], [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] camera Model 95 on the market.
** Three American engineers at [[Bell Laboratories]] ([[John Bardeen]], [[Walter Brattain]] and [[William Shockley]]) invent the [[transistor]]. Its lesser size and power compared with electron tubes brings (from 1955) portable radio receivers starting its march through all areas of electronics.
** The Hungarian-American physicist [[Peter Carl Goldmark]] (1906-1977) invents the [[vinyl record]] (first published 1952), much less noisy than their predecessors shellac. Thanks to micro-groove (100 grooves per cm) can play 23 minutes per side. The [[LP record]] is born. This one is the redemption of the claim "high fidelity one step closer" to the end of the shellac era.
** The [[RCA|Radio Corporation of America]] (RCA) leads the music format with 45 RPM records, later to conquer the market for cheap players. The first publication in Germany in this format appears 1953rd
** The British physicist [[Dennis Gabor]] (1900-1979) invents [[holography]]. This method of recording and reproducing image with coherent light allows three-dimensional images. It was not until 1971 when the procedure gained practical importance, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
* 1949
** In Germany, [[FM broadcasting]] starts regular program operation.
** Experimentally since 1943, series production since 1949 there are for professional use stereo - Tonbandgeräte and matching ribbons. Also portable devices for reporters, initially propelled by a spring mechanism, has been around since 1949
* 1950
** In the USA the first prerecorded audio tapes are marketed.
** Also in the USA the company Zenith markets the first TV with cable remote control for channel selection.
* 1951
** The [[CBS]] (Columbia Broadcasting System) broadcasts in New York the first color television program in the world, but using the field sequential standard, not reaching to the resolution of the black and white television and was to be incompatible.
** With the " tape recorder F15 "from AEG 's first home tape recorder appears on the German market.
** RCA Electronic Music is the first synthesizer prior to the creation of artificial electronic sounds.
* 1952
** Reintroduction of regular television broadcasts in Germany after the Second World War.
** 20th Century Fox developed with "[[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]]" the most successful wide-screen process to better compete with television. Only some 50 years later pulls the TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.
* 1953
** The "[[National Television System Committee]]" (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in the USA named after her black-and-white-compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A year later, this method is introduced in the United States.
** The car radio top model "Mexico" from Becker for the first time to an FM area (in mono) and an automatic tuning.
* 1954
** RCA developed for the first apparatus for recording video signals on magnetic tapes. 22 km magnetic tape are needed per hour. By 1956, succeeds the company [[Ampex]] through the use of multiple tracks, the tape speed to more practicable 38.1 cm / s lower.
** The European Broadcasting Union is founded "Euro Vision".
** First regular television broadcasts in Japan.
* 1955
** The second generation "[[TRADIC]]" ([[Transistorized computer|Transistorized Digital Computer]]), first to use only transistors therefore much smaller and more powerful than its predecessor tube computers.
** The Briton Narinder S. Kapany investigated the propagation of light in fine glass fibers ([[optical fiber]]s).
** The first wireless remote control for a television US-based Zenith consists of a better flashlight, with which one lights up in one of the four devices corners to turn the unit on or off, change the channel or mute the sound.
* 1956
** The company [[Metz (company)|Metz]] introduces radio device type 409 / 3D. First mass production of [[printed circuit board]]s. This follows since the 1930s, several improvements to the manufacturing technology.
** The company Ampex introduces the "VR 1000" the first video recorder. That same year, CBS uses it for the first magnetic video tape recording (VTR) from. Although other programs are produced in color since 1954, the VTR cannot record color.
* 1957 : The Frenchman [[Henri de France]] (1911-1986) developed the first generation of color TV system SECAM, which avoids some of the problems of the NTSC method. The weaknesses of the SECAM system be fixed in later modifications of the standard for the most part.
* 1958
** By merging the Edison patents and the Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording method becomes commercially viable. The company [[Mercury Records]] launches the first [[stereo record]] on the market.
** The company Ampex expands the video recorder with the Model "VR 1000 B" to give it color capability.
== Véase también==
* [[Electrónica]
* [[History of electronic engineering]]
* [[Timeline of historic inventions]]
* [[Timeline of heat engine technology]]
== Referencias ==
[[Category:Technology timelines|Electrical and electronic engineering]]
[[Category:History of electrical engineering]]
[[Category:History of electronic engineering]]
== Cronología de los descubrimientos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Año
! Evento
|-
|600 B.C. || [[Tales de Mileto]] descubrió la electricidad estática frotando la piel sobre sustancias como el [[ámbar]].
|-
| 1600 || [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]], científico inglés, acuñó la palabra ''electricus'' después de experimentos cuidadosos.
|-
| 1705 || [[Francis Hauksbee]], científico inglés, hace una bola de cristal que brillaba cuando se giraba y se frotaba con la mano.
|-
| 1720 || [[Stephen Gray (científico)|Stephen Gray]], científico inglés, hace la distinción entre aisladores y conductores.
|-
| 1745 || [[Ewald Georg von Kleist]], físico alemán, y [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]], científico holandés, inventan las [[botella de Leyden|botellas de Leyden]].
|-
| 1752 || [[Benjamin Franklin]], científico estadounidense, demuestra que los rayos eran eléctricos al volar una cometa y explica cómo funcionan las botellas de Leyden.
|-
| 1780 || [[Luigi Galvani]], científico italiano, descubrió la [[acción galvánica]] en el tejido vivo.
|-
| 1785 || [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]], físico francés, formula y publica la [[ley de Coulomb]] en su artículo ''Premier Mémoire sur l'Électricité et le Magnétisme''.
|-
| 1785 || [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], matemático francés, desarrolla la [[transformada de Laplace]] para transformar una ecuación diferencial lineal en una ecuación algebraica. Más tarde, su transformación se convirtió en una herramienta en el análisis de circuitos.
|-
| 1800 || [[Alessandro Volta]], físico italiano, inventa la batería.
|-
| 1808 || Teoría atómica de [[John Dalton]]
|-
| 1816 || [[Francis Ronalds]], inventor inglés, construyó el primer [[telégrafo eléctrico]] funcional.
|-
| 1820 || [[Hans Christian Ørsted]], físico danés, descubre accidentalmente que un campo eléctrico crea un campo magnético
|-
| 1820 || [[André-Marie Ampère]], físico francés, una semana después del descubrimiento de Ørsted, publica su ley. También propone la [[regla de tornillo de mano derecha]].
|-
| 1821 || [[Thomas Johann Seebeck]], científico alemán, descubre la [[termoelectricidad]]
|-
| 1825 || [[William Sturgeon]], físico inglés, desarrolla el primer [[electroimán]]
|-
| 1827 || [[Georg Ohm]], físico alemán introduce el concepto de [[resistencia eléctrica]]
|-
| 1831 || [[Michael Faraday]], físico inglés, publica la [[ley de la inducción de Faraday|ley de la inducción]] ([[Joseph Henry]] desarrolla la misma ley de forma independiente)
|-
| 1831 || [[Joseph Henry]], científico estadounidense, desarrolló en Estados Unidos un prototipo de [[motor DC]]
|-
| 1832 || [[Hippolyte Pixii]], fabricante de instrumentos francés, desarrolla en Francia un prototipo de [[generador eléctrico#Dinamo|generador DC]]
|-
| 1833 || Michael Faraday desarrolla las leyes de la [[electrólisis]]
|-
| 1833 || Michael Faraday inventa el [[termistor]]
|-
| 1833 || [[Samuel Hunter Christie]], inglés, inventa el [[puente de Wheatstone]] (lleva el nombre de [[Charles Wheatstone]] que lo popularizó)
|-
| 1836 || l sacerdote irlandés (y más tarde científico) [[Nicholas Callan]] inventa el [[transformador ]] en Irlanda
|-
| 1837 || El científico inglés [[Edward Davy]] inventa el [[relé eléctrico]]
|-
| 1839 || El científico francés [[Edmond Becquerel]] descubre el [[efecto fotovoltaico]]
|-
| 1844 || El inventor estadounidense[[Samuel Morse]] desarrolla la [[telegrafía]] y el [[código Morse]].</div>
|-
| 1845 || German physicist [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], físico alemán, desarrollados leyes ahora conocidas como leyes de circuito de Kirchhoff
|-
| 1850 || Belgian engineer [[Floris Nollet]], ingeniero belga, inventa (y patenta) un práctico generador de CA.
|-
| 1851 || [[Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff]] primera bobina, que patenta en 1851
|-
| 1855 || Primera utilización de AC (en electroterapia) por [[Guillaume Duchenne]], neurólogo francés.
|-
| 1856 || Belgian engineer [[Charles Bourseul]], ingeniero belga propone la [[telefonía]]
|-
| 1856 || Primera casa de luz alimentada eléctricamente en Inglaterra.
|-
| 1860 || [[Johann Philipp Reis]], científico alemán, inventa el [[micrófono]]
|-
| 1862 || [[James Clerk Maxwell]], físico escocés, publica cuatro ecuaciones con su nombre.
|-
| 1866 || [[Cable telegráfico transatlántico]]
|-
| 1873 || [[Zenobe Gramme]], ingeniero belga, que ya había desarrollado un generador de CC, descubrió accidentalmente que un generador de CC también funciona como un motor de CC durante una exhibición en Viena.
|-
| 1876 || [[Pavel Yablochkov]], ingeniero ruso, inventa la [[lámpara de arco]] de carbono eléctrica
|-
| 1876 || [[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventor escocés, patenta el teléfono.
|-
| 1877 || Primer alumbrado público en París, Francia
|-
| 1877 || [[Thomas Alva Edison]], inventor estadounidense, inventa el [[fonógrafo]]-
|-
| 1877 || [[Werner von Siemens]], industrial alemán, desarrolla un primitivo [[altavoz]]-
|-
| 1878 || Primera planta hidroeléctrica en Cragside, Inglaterra.
|-
| 1878 || [[William Crookes]] inventa el [[tubo de Crookes]] un prototipo de los tubos de vacío.
|-
| 1878 || English engineer [[Joseph Swan]], ingeniero inglés, inventa la [[bombilla incandescente]].
|-
| 1879 || American physicist [[Edwin Herbert Hall]], físico estadounidense, descubre el [[efecto Hall]]
|-
| 1879 || Thomas Alva Edison introduced un filamento de larga duración para la lámpara incandescente.
|-
| 1880 || [[Pierre Curie]] y [[Jacques Curie]], físicos franceses, descubrien la [[piezoelectricidad]]
|-
| 1882 || Primeras centrales térmicas en Londres y Nueva York.
|-
| 1883 || [[J. J. Thomson]], físico inglés, inventa las [[guía de onda|guías de onda]].
|-
| 1887 || [[Emile Berliner]], inventor germano-americano, inventa la [[grabación con gramófono]].
|-
| 1888 || [[Heinrich Hertz]], físico alemán, demuestra la existencia de ondas electromagnéticas, incluyendo lo que se llamaría ondas de radio.
|-
| 1888 || Italian physicist and electrical engineer [[Galileo Ferraris]], físico e ingeniero eléctrico italiano, publica un artículo sobre el [[motor de inducción]] y [Nikola Tesla]], ingeniero serbio-estadounidense, obtiene una patente de EE. UU. sobre el mismo dispositivo.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]</ref>
|-
| 1890 || Thomas Alva Edison inventa el [[fusible]]-
|-
| 1893 || Durante la Cuarta Conferencia Internacional de Electricistas en Chicago se definieron unidades eléctricas.
|-
| 1894 || Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], físico ruso, encuentra un uso para las ondas de radio y construye un [[receptor de radio]] que puede detectar rayos.finds a use for radio waves, building a [[radio receiver]] that can detect lightning strikes
|-
| 1895 || [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] descubre los [[rayos X]].
|-
| 1896 || Primer telegrama intercontinental exitoso.
|-
| 1897 || [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], inventor alemán, inventa el [[osciloscopio|osciloscopio de rayos catódicos]] (CRO)
|-
| 1900 || [[Guglielmo Marconi]], inventor italiano, construye el primer sistema de comunicación de radio basado en la [[radiotelegrafía]]
|-
| 1901 || Primera transmisión de radio transatlántica de Guglielmo Marconi.
|-
| 1901 || [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa la [[lámpara fluorescente]].
|-
| 1904 || [[John Ambrose Fleming]], ingeniero inglés, inventa el [[diodo]]
|-
| 1906 || [[Lee de Forest]], inventor estadounidense, inventa el [[triodo]]
|-
| 1908 || [[Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton]], ingeniero escocés, establece los principios de la [[televisión]].
|-
| 1911 || [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], físico holandés, descubre la [[superconductividad]]
|-
| 1912 || [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]], ingeniero estadounidense, desarrolla un [[oscilador electrónico]]
|-
| 1915 || French physicist [[Paul Langevin]], físico francés, y [[Constantin Chilowsky]], ingeniero ruso, inventan el sonar
|-
| 1917 || [[Alexander M. Nicholson]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[oscilador de cristal]]
|-
| 1918 || [[Henri Abraham]], físico francés, y [[Eugene Bloch]] inventan el [[multivibrador]]
|-
| 1919 || Edwin Howard Armstrong desarrolla un receptor de radio AM [[Superheterodyne receiver|standard AM]] radio receiver
|-
| 1921 || La [[Sistema métrico|convención del metro]] se amplia para incluir las unidades eléctricas.
|-
| 1921 || [[Edith Clarke]] inventa la "calculadora Clarke", una [[calculadora gráfica ]] para resolver ecuaciones de línea con funciones hiperbólicas, que permite a los ingenieros eléctricos simplificar los cálculos de [[inductancia]] y [[capacidad]] en l[[íneas de transmisión de potencia]].<ref></ref>
|-
| 1925 || [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]], ingeniero austriaco estadounidense, patenta la primera FET (que se hizo popular mucho más tarde).
|-
| 1926 || [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] y [[Shintaro Uda]], ingenieros japoneses , desarroll la [[antena Yagi-Uda]].
|-
| 1927 || [[Harold Stephen Black]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[amplificador de retroalimentación negativa]]
|-
| 1927 || [[Max Dieckmann]], físico alemán, inventa el [[tubo de la cámara de video]]
|-
| 1928 || Primera [[emisión de televisión]] experimental en Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1929 || Primera emisión pública de televisión en Alemania.
|-
| 1931 || Primera planta de [[energía eólica]] en la Unión Soviética.
|-
| 1936 || [[Dudley E. Foster]] y [[Stuart William Seeley]] desarrollan un [[Foster–Seeley discriminator|circuito detector de FM]].
|-
| 1936 || [[Paul Eisler]], ingeniero austriaco, inventa la [[ placa de circuito impreso]].
|-
| 1936 || Scottish Scientist [[Robert Watson-Watt]], científico escocés, desarrolla el concepto de [[radar]] que se había propuesto anteriormente.
|-
| 1938 || Russian American engineer [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]], ingeniero ruso-estadounidense desarrolla el [[iconoscopio]].
|-
| 1939 || Edwin Howard Armstrong desarrolla un receptor de radio FM.
|-
| 1939 || [[Varian Associates|Russell y Sigurd Varian]] desarrollan el primer tubo [[Klystron]] en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1941 || [[Konrad Zuse]], ingeniero alemán, desarrolla la primera [[computadora]] programable en Berlín
|-
| 1944 || [[John Logie Baird]], ingeniero escocés, desarrolla el primer [[tubo de imagen en color]]
|-
| 1945 || [[Cable telefonico transatlantico]]
|-
| 1947 || [[John Bardeen]] y [[Walter Houser Brattain]], ingenieros estadounidenses, junto con el líder de su grupo [[William Shockley]] inventan el [[transistor]].
|-
| 1948 || H[[Dennis Gabor]], físico húngaro-británico, inventa la [[holografía ]]
|-
| 1950 || [[Alfred Kastler]], físico francés, inventa el [[máser]]
|-
| 1951 || Primera [[planta de energía nuclear]] en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1953 || Primera computadora totalmente transistorizada en los Estados Unidos.
|-
| 1958 || [[Jack Kilby]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[circuito integrado]] (IC,''integrated circuit'')
|-
| 1960 || [[Theodore Harold Maiman]], ingeniero estadounidense, inventa el [[LASER]]
|-
| 1962 || [[Nick Holonyak Jr.]] inventa el [[LED]]
|-
| 1963 || Primera [[grabadora de videocasetes]] doméstica (VCR)
|-
| 1963 || [[Calculadora electrónica]]
|-
|2008 || American scientist [[Richard Stanley Williams]], científico estadounidense, inventa el [[memristor]] que había sidopropuesto por [[Leon O. Chua]] en 1971.
|}
== Cronología de las invenciones asociadas ==
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
{| class="collapsible wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:92%;"
! colspan=9 style="background: #ccf"|'''Brief History of Electronics Timeline '''
|-
! Date !! Invention/Discovery !! Inventor(s)
|-
| 1900 || [[Old quantum theory]] || Planck
|-
| 1905 || [[Theory of relativity]] || Einstein
|-
| 1918 || [[Nuclear transmutation|Atomic transmutation]] || Rutherford
|-
| 1932 || [[Neutron]] || Chadwick
|-
| 1932 || [[Particle accelerator]] || Crockcroft and Walton
|-
| 1935 || [[Scanning electron microscope]] || Knoll
|-
| 1937 || [[Xerography]] || Carlson
|-
| 1937 || [[Oscillograph]] || Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen
|-
| 1950 || [[Modem]] || MIT and Bell Labs
|-
| 1950 || [[Karnaugh map]]ping technique (digital logic) || Karnaugh
|-
| 1952 || Digital [[voltmeter]] || Kay
|-
| 1954 || Solar battery || Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson
|-
| 1956 || [[Transatlantic telephone cable]] || UK and U.S.
|-
| 1957 || [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik I satellite]] || Soviet Union
|-
| 1957 || [[Nuclear Missile]] || Kurchatov / Soviet Union
|-
| 1957 || [[Fortran|FORTRAN programming language]] || Watson Scientific
|-
| 1959 || First one-piece plain paper [[photocopier]] ([[Xerox 914]]) || [[Xerox]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Veroboard]] ([[Stripboard]]) || Terry Fitzpatrick
|-
| 1961 || [[Clock#Electric clocks|Electronic clock]] || Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840.
|-
| 1963 || First commercially successful [[Compact cassette|audio compact cassette]] || [[Philips]] Corporation
|-
| 1964 || [[BASIC programming language]] || Kemeny and Kurtz
|-
| 1964 || [[Liquid-crystal display]] || [[George H. Heilmeier]]
|-
| 1966 || [[Optical fiber communications]] || Kao and Hockham
|-
| late 1960s || First [[Fax#Digital|digital fax machine]] || [[Dacom]]
|-
| 1969 || [[Unix|UNIX]] operating system || AT&T's Bell Labs
|-
| 1970 || First [[microprocessor]] ([[Intel 4004|4004]], 60,000 oper/s) || Intel
|-
| 1970 || First commercially available [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] memory || IBM
|-
| 1971 || [[EPROM]] || N/A
|-
| 1971 || [[Pascal (programming language)|PASCAL programming language]] || Wirth
|-
| 1971 || First [[microcomputer]]-on-a-chip || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1971 || [[Laser printer]] || [[Xerox]]
|-
| 1972 || [[Intel 8008|8008 processor]] (200 kHz, 16 kB) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1972 || First programmable [[word processor]] || Automatic Electronic Systems
|-
| 1972 || 5¼-inch diskette || N/A
|-
| 1972 || First modern [[Automated teller machine|ATM machine]] (IBM 2984) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Josephson junction]] || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Tunable laser|Tunable continuous-wave laser]] || [[Bell Labs]]
|-
| 1973 || [[Ethernet]] || Metcalfe
|-
| 1973 || [[Mobile phone]] || [[John Francis Mitchell|John F. Mitchell]] and Dr. [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]
|-
| 1974 || [[C (programming language)]] || [[Brian Kernighan|Kernighan]], [[Dennis Ritchie|Ritchie]]
|-
| 1974 || [[Programmable calculator|Programmable pocket calculator]] || [[Hewlett-Packard]]
|-
| 1975 || [[BASIC]] for personal computers || [[Paul Allen|Allen]]
|-
| 1975 || First personal computer ([[Altair 8800]]) || Roberts
|-
| 1975 || [[Digital camera]] || [[Steven Sasson]] of [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Integrated optical circuit]]s || Reinhart and Logan
|-
| 1975 || Omni-font [[optical character recognition]] system || [[Nuance Communications]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Image scanner#Flatbed|CCD flatbed scanner]] || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1975 || Text-to-speech synthesis || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1975 || First commercial [[reading machine]] for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil Computer Products]]
|-
| 1976 || [[Apple I|Apple I computer]] || [[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak]], [[Steve Jobs|Jobs]]
|-
| 1977 || Launch of the "[[History of personal computers#1977 and the emergence of the "Trinity"| 1977 trinity computers]]" expanding [[Home computer|home computing]], the [[Apple II]], [[Commodore PET]] and the [[TRS-80]] || Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1977 || First [[Handheld game console|handheld electronic game]] ([[Mattel Auto Race|Auto Race]]) || [[Mattel]]
|-
| 1978 || [[WordPerfect]] 1.0 || Satellite Software
|-
| 1980 || 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) || N/A
|-
| 1980 || [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] || Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1981 || [[IBM Personal Computer]] (8088 processor) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1981 || [[MS-DOS]] 1.0 || [[Microsoft]]
|-
| 1981 || "Wet" [[solar cell]] || [[Bayer AG]]
|-
| 1982 || [[Commodore 64]] || Commodore Business Machines
|-
| 1982 || First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition || [[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil]] Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems
|-
| 1983 || [[Satellite television]] || U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.
|-
| 1983 || First built-in [[hard disk drive|hard drive]] ([[IBM Personal Computer XT|IBM PC XT]]) || [[IBM]]
|-
| 1983 || [[C++]] (programming language) || Stroostrup
|-
| 1984 || [[Macintosh]] computer (introduced) || Apple Computer
|-
| 1984 || [[CD-ROM]] player for personal computers || Philips
|-
| 1984 || First [[Synthesizer|music synthesizer]] ([[Kurzweil K250]]) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments || [[Kurzweil Music Systems]]
|-
| 1984 || [[Amiga]] computer (introduced) || Commodore
|-
| 1985 || 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single [[optical fiber#History|optical fiber]] || AT&T, Bell Labs
|-
| 1987 || Warmer [[superconductivity]] || Karl Alex Mueller
|-
| 1987 || [[Intel 80386|80386 microprocessor]] (25 MHz) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1989 || First commercial handheld [[GPS navigation device|GPS receiver]] (Magellan NAV 1000) || [[Magellan Navigation|Magellan Navigation Inc.]]
|-
| 1989 || [[Silicon-germanium]] transistors || IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson
|-
| 1990 || [[Intel 80486|486]] microprocessor (33 MHz) || [[Intel]]
|-
| 1993 || Weather Control Device / [[HAARP]] || U.S.
|-
| 1994 || [[Pentium]] processor, [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]]-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) || Intel
|-
| 1994 || [[Bluetooth]] || [[Ericsson]]
|-
| 1994 || First [[DVD player]] ever made || Tatung Company
|-
| 1996 || [[Alpha 21164]] processor (550 MHz) || Digital Equipment
|-
| 1996 || [[POWER2#P2SC|P2SC processor]] (15 million transistors) || [[IBM]]
|-
|}
== Consumer Electronics ==
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
=== 1843-1923: From electromechanics to electronics ===
[[File:Phonograph Meyers.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Thomas Edison]]'s [[phonograph]]]]
* 1843: Watchmaker [[Alexander Bain (inventor)]] develops the basic concept of displaying images as points with different [[brightness]] values.
* 1848: [[Frederick Collier Bakewell]] invents the first [[wirephoto]] machine, an early fax machine
* 1861: Grade school teacher [[Philipp Reis]] presents his [[Reis telephone|telephone]] in Frankfurt, inventing the [[loudspeaker]] as a by-product.
* 1867: French poet and philosopher [[Charles Cros]] (1842 - 1888) presents the construction principle of a [[phonograph]] in his 'paréophone', which turned out not to be a commercial success at the time.
* 1867: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831 - 1879) develops a theory predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves and establishes [[Maxwell's equations]] to describe their properties. Together with the [[Lorentz force]] law, these equations form the foundation for classical electrodynamics and classical optics as well as electric circuits.
* 1874: [[Ferdinand Braun]] discovers the [[rectifier]] effect in [[metal sulfide]]s and [[metal oxide]]s.
* 1877: [[Thomas Edison]] (1847 - 1931) invents the first [[phonograph]], using a tin foil cylinder. For the first time sounds could be recorded and played. A [[horn loudspeaker|phonograph horn]] with membrane and needle was arranged in such a way that the needle had contact to the tinfoil.
* 1880: the American physicist [[Charles Sumner Tainter]] discovers that many disadvantages of Edison's cylinders can be eliminated if the [[soundtrack]] is arranged in spiral form and engraved in a flat, round disk. Technical problems soon ended these experiments. Still, Tainter is regarded as the inventor of the [[gramophone record]].
* 1884: [[Paul Nipkow]] obtains a patent for his [[Nipkow disk]], an image scanning device that reads images serially, which constitutes the foundation for [[mechanical television]]. Two years later his patent runs out.
* 1886: [[Heinrich Hertz]] succeeds in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves for the first time - now the groundwork for [[wireless telegraphy]] and [[radio broadcasting]] in physical science is laid.
* 1887: Unaware of [[Charles Sumner Tainter]]'s experiments, German-American [[Emil Berliner]] has his phonograph patented. He used a disk instead of a cylinder, primarily to avoid infringing on Edison's patent. Quickly it becomes obvious that flat [[Gramophone record]]s are easier to duplicate and store.
* 1888:
** [[Alexander Graham Bell]] (1847 - 1922) significantly reduces [[interfering noise]]s by using a wax cylinder instead of tin foil. This paves the way to commercial success for the improved phonograph.
** American [[Oberlin Smith]] describes a process to record audio using a cotton thread with integrated fine wire clippings. This makes [[reel-to-reel audio tape recording]] possible.
* 1890:
** The phonograph becomes faster and more convenient due to an [[electric motor]]. The electric motor brings on the first [[juke box]] with cylinders - even before flat disk records were widely available.
** Thomas Edison discovers [[thermionic emission]]. To this day, this effect forms the basis for the [[vacuum tube]] and the [[cathode ray tube]].
* approximately 1893: The invention of the selenium [[phototube]] allows the conversion of brightness values into electrical signals. The principle is applied in [[wirephoto]] and [[television]] technology for a short time. [[Selenium]] is used in [[light meter]]s for the next 50 years.
[[File:Musée français de la photographie de Bièvres 2011 29.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cinematograph|Cinématographe]] camera by the Lumière brothers in 1895 (ref 86.5822) at the French Museum of Photography in Bièvres, Essonne, France]]
* 1895: [[Auguste Lumiere]]'s [[cinematograph]] displays moving images for the first time. In the same year, brothers [[Max Skladanowsky|Emil and Max Skladanowsky]] present their "Bioscop" in Berlin.
* 1897
** Ferdinand Braun invents the "inertialess cathode ray [[oscillograph]] tube", a principle which remained unchanged in television picture tubes.
** The Italian [[Guglielmo Marconi]] transmits [[wireless telegraph]] messages by electromagnetic waves over a distance of five kilometers.
* 1898
** The Danish physicist [[Valdemar Poulsen]] creates the world's first [[magnetic recording]] and reproduction, using a 1 mm thick steel [[Wire recording|wire]] as a magnetizable carrier.
** [[Nikola Tesla]] demonstrated the first wireless [[remote control]] of a model ship.
* 1899: The dog "Nipper" is used in "[[His Master's Voice]]", the trademark for gramophones and records.
* 1902
** [[Otto von Bronk]] patented his "Method and apparatus for remote visualization of images and objects with temporary resolution of the images in parallel rows of dots". This patent, originally developed for phototelegraphy, impacted the development of [[color television]], particularly the [[NTSC]] implementation.
** For the first time audio records are printed with paper labels in the middle.
* 1903: [[Guglielmo Marconi]] provides evidence that wireless telegraphic communication is possible over long distances, such as across the Atlantic. He used a transmitter developed by [[Ferdinand Braun]].
* 1904
** For the first time, double-sided records, and those with a diameter of 30 cm are produced, increasing playing time up to 11 minutes (5.5 minutes per side). These are created by Odeon in Berlin and debuted at the Leipzig Spring Fair.
** The German physicist [[Arthur Korn]] developed the first practical method for [[telegraphy]].
* 1905: The Englishman Sir [[John Ambrose Fleming]] invents the first [[Fleming valve|electron tube]].
* 1906
** [[Robert von Lieben]] patented his "inertia working cathode-ray-relays". By 1910 he developed this into the first real [[tube amplifier]], by creating a [[triode]]. His invention of the triode is almost simultaneously created by the American [[Lee de Forest]].
** [[Max Dieckmann]] and [[Gustav Glage]] use the [[Braun tube]] for playback of 20-line black-and-white images.
** The first [[jukebox]] with records comes on the market.
** American Brigadier General [[Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody]] files for a patent for a carborundum steel detector for use in a [[crystal radio]], an improved version of the [[Cat's-whisker detector]]. It is sometimes credited as the first [[semiconductor]] in history. The [[envelope detector]] is an important part of every radio receiver.
* 1907: Rosenthal puts in his image telegraph for the first time a [[photocell]].
* 1911: First [[film studio]]s are created in Hollywood and Potsdam- Babelsberg .
* 1912: The first [[radio receiver]] is created, in accordance with the [[Audion principle]].
* 1913: The legal battle over the invention of the electron tube between [[Robert von Lieben]] and [[Lee de Forest]] is decided. The electron tube is replaced by a high [[vacuum]] in the glass flask with significantly improved properties.
** [[Alexander Meissner]] patented his process "feedback for generating oscillations", by his development of a [[radio station]] using an electron tube .
** The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent on the manufacture of [[printed circuit]]s by etched metal.
* 1915: [[Carl Benedicks]] leads basic studies in Sweden on the electrical properties of [[silicon]] and [[germanium]]. Due to the emerging tube technology, however, interest in semiconductors remains low until after the Second World War.
* 1917
** Based on previous findings of the Englishman [[Oliver Lodge]], the Frenchman Lucien Levy develops a radio receiver with frequency tuning using a resonant circuit.
* 1919: [[Charlie Chaplin]] founded the Hollywood film production and distribution company [[United Artists]]
* 1920: The first regularly operating radio station [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] goes on air on 2 November 1920 in [[Philadelphia]], USA. It is the first time electronics are used to transmit information and entertainment to the public at large. The same year in Germany an instrumental concert was broadcast on the radio from a long-wave transmitter in Wusterhausen.
* 1922: J. McWilliams Stone invents the first portable radio receiver. George Frost builds the first "car radio" in his Ford Model T.
* 1923
** The 15-year-old [[Manfred von Ardenne]] is granted his first patent for an electron tube having a plurality of electrodes. Siegmund Loewe (1885-1962) builds with the tube his first radio receiver "Loewe Opta-".
** The Hungarian engineer [[Dénes Mihály]] patented an image scanning with line deflection, in which each point of an image is scanned ten times per second by a selenium cell.
** [[August Karolus]] (1893-1972) invents the [[Kerr cell]], an almost inertia-free conversion of electrical pulses into light signals. He was granted a patent for his method of transmitting slides.
** Vladimir Kosma developed the first television camera tube, the Ikonoskop, using the Braun tube.
** The German State Secretary Karl August Bredow founded the first German [[broadcasting]] organization. By lifting the ban on broadcast reception and the opening of the first private radio station, the development of radio as a mass medium begins.
<!--End of google translation-->
=== 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV ===
* 1924: the first radio receivers are exhibited at the [[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin|Berlin Radio Show]]
* 1925
** [[Brunswick Records]] in [[Dubuque, Iowa]] produced their first record player, the Brunswick Panatrope with a [[Pickup (music technology)|pickup]], [[amplifier]] and loudspeaker
** In the American [[Bell Laboratories]], a method for recording of records obtained by microphone and tube amps for series production. Also in Germany working on it is ongoing since 1922. 1925 appear the first electrically recorded disks in both countries.
** At the [[Leipzig Spring Fair]], the first miniature camera "[[Leica Camera|Leica]]" is presented to the public.
** [[John Logie Baird]] performs the first screening of a living head with a resolution of 30 vertical lines using a [[Nipkow disk]].
** August Karolus demonstrated in Germany television with 48 lines and ten image changes per second.
* 1926
** Edison developed the first "[[LP record|LP]]". By dense grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduction of speed to 80 min -1 (later 78 min -1 ) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20 minutes. He carries himself with the decline of his phonograph business.
** The German State Railroad offers a [[cordless telephone]] service in moving trains between Berlin and Hamburg - the idea of [[mobile telephony]] is born.
** John Logie Baird developed the first commercial [[television set]] in the world. It was not until 1930, he is called a " telescreen sold "at a price of 20 pounds.
* 1927
** The first fully electronic [[music box]]es ("[[Jukebox]]es") used in the USA on the market.
** German Grammophon on sale due to a license agreement with the [[Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company]]. Its first fully electronic [[turntable]]s.
** The first industrially manufactured [[vehicle audio|car radio]], the "Philco Transitone" from the "Storage Battery Co." in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the market.
** The first [[shortwave radio]] - Rundfunkübertragung overseas broadcast by the station [[PCJJ]] the Philips factories in [[Eindhoven]] in the Dutch colonies.
** Opening of the first regular telegraphy -Dienstes between Berlin and Vienna.
** First commercial [[sound film]]s ("[[The Jazz Singer]]", USA) using the "Needle sound" back in sync with the film screening for LPs over loudspeakers.
** First public television broadcasts in the UK by John Logie Baird between London and Glasgow and in the USA by [[Frederic Eugene Ives]] (1882-1953) between Washington and New York.
** The American inventor [[Philo Taylor Farnsworth]] (1906-1971) developed in Los Angeles, the first fully [[History of television#Electronic television|electronic television system]] in the world.
** John Logie Baird developed his [[Phonovision]], the first [[videodisc]] player. 30-line television images are stored on shellac records. At 78 RPM mechanically scanned, the images can be played back on his "telescreen". It could not play sound nor keep up with the rapidly increasing resolution of television. More than 40 years later, commercial optical disc players came onto the market.
* 1928: [[Fritz Pfleumer]] got the first [[tape recorder]] patent. It replaces [[Wire recording|steel wire]] with paper coated in [[iron powder]]. According to [[Valdemar Poulsen]] (1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic sound, image and data storage
** [[Dénes Mihály]] presented in Berlin a small circle, the first authentic television broadcast in Germany, having worked at least since 1923 in this field.
** August Karolus and the company [[Telefunken]] put on the "fifth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1928" the prototype of a television receiver, with an image size of 8 cm × 10 cm and a resolution of about 10,000 pixels, a much better picture quality than previous devices.
** In New York (USA) the first regular television broadcasts of the experiment station [[WGY (AM)|WGY]], operated by the [[General Electric Company]] (GE). Sporadic television news and dramas radiate from these stations by 1928.
*** The first commercially produced television receiver of the Daven Corporation in Newark is offered for $75.
** John Logie Baird transmits the first television pictures internationally, and the same across the Atlantic from London to New York. He also demonstrated the world's first color television transmission in London.
* 1929
** Edison withdraws from the phono business - the disk has ousted the cylinder.
** The company [[Columbia Records]] developed the first portable record player that can be connected to any tube radio. It also created the first radio / phonograph combinations, the precursor to the 1960s music chests.
[[File:Dailygraph.jpg|thumb|upright|Daylygraph wire recorder]]
** The German physicist Curt Stille (1873-1957) records magnetic sound for film, on a perforated steel band. First, this "Magnettonverfahren" has no success. Years later it is rediscovered for amateur films, providing easy [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]]. A "Daylygraph" or Magnettongerät had amplifier and equalizer, and a mature Magnettondiktiergerät called "Textophon".
** Based on patents, which he had purchased of silence, brings the Englishman E. Blattner the " Blattnerphone "the first magnetic sound recording on the market. It records on a thin steel band.
** The first [[sound film]] using [[optical sound]] premiers. Since the early 1920s, various people have developed this method. The same optoelectronic method also allows for the first time the post-processing of recorded music to sound recordings of it.
** The director [[Carl Froelich]] (1875-1953) turns "[[The Night Belongs to Us]]", the first German sound film.
** [[20th Century Fox]] presents in New York on an 8 m × 4 m big screen the first widescreen movie.
** The radio station Witzleben begins in Germany with the regular broadcasting of television test broadcasts, initially on long wave with 30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes per second. It appear first blueprints for television receiver.
** John Logie Baird starts in the UK on behalf of the BBC with regular experimental television broadcasts to the public.
** Frederic Eugene Ives transmits a color television from New York to Washington.
* 1930
** Manfred von Ardenne invented and developed the [[flying-spot scanner]], Europe's first fully electronic television camera tube.
** In Britain, the first [[Television advertisement|television advertising]] and the first TV interview
* 1931
** The British engineer and inventor Alan Dower Blumlein (1903-1942) invents "Binaural Sound", today called "Stereo". He developed the stereo record and the first three-way speaker. He makes experimental films with stereo sound. Then he becomes leader of the development team for the EMI -405-line television system.
** The company RCA Victor presents to the public the first real [[LP record]], the 35 cm diameter and 33.33 RPM give sufficient playing time for an entire orchestral work. But the new turntables are initially so expensive that they are only gain broad acceptance after the Second World War - then as vinyl record.
** The French physicist René Barthélemy leads in Paris the first public television with clay before. The BBC launches first Tonversuche in the UK.
** Public World Premiere of electronic television - without electro-mechanical components such as the Nipkow disk - on the "eighth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1931 ". Doberitz / Pomerania is the first German location for a tone-TV stations.
** Manfred von Ardenne can be the principle of a color picture tube patent: Narrow strips of [[phosphor]]s in the three primary colors are closely juxtaposed arranged so that they complement each other with the electron flow to white light. A separate control of the three colors has not yet provided.
* 1932
** The company AEG and BASF start for the [[magnetic tape]] method of Fritz Pfleumer to care (1928). They develop new devices and tapes, in which celluloid is used instead of paper as a carrier material.
** In Britain, the BBC sends first radio programs time-shifted instead of live.
** The company telephone and radio apparatus factory Ideal AG (today [[Blaupunkt]]) provides a car radio using Bowden cables to control it from the steering column.
* 1933
** After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany is broadcasting finally a political tool. Systematic censorship is to prevent opposition and spread the "Aryan culture". Series production of the " People's recipient VE 301 "starts.
** [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] demonstrates that [[frequency-modulated]] (FM) radio transmissions are less susceptible to interference than amplitude-modulated (AM). However, practical application is long delayed.
** In the USA the first opened drive-in theater.
* 1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little favor - the necessary playback devices are still too expensive. The term "[[High fidelity|High Fidelity]]" is embossed around this time.
* 1935
** AEG and BASF place at the Berlin Radio Show, the tape recorder " Magnetophon K1 "and the appropriate magnetic tapes before. In case of fire in the exhibition hall all four exhibited devices are destroyed.
** In Germany the world's first regular television program operating for about 250 mostly public reception points starts in Berlin and the surrounding area. The mass production of television receivers is - probably due to the high price of 2,500 Reichsmarks - not yet started.
** At the same time, the research institute of the German Post (RPF) begins with development work for a color television methods, but which are later reinstated due to the Second World War.
* 1936
** [[Olympic Games in Berlin]] broadcast live.
** "Olympia suitcase", battery-powered portable radio receiver, introduced.
** The first mobile television camera (180 lines, all-electronic) is used for live television broadcasts of the Olympic Games.
** Also in the UK are first regular television broadcasts - now for the perfect electronic EMI system, which soon replaced the mechanical part Baird system - broadcast.
** Video telephony connections between booths in Berlin and Leipzig. Later connections from Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich added.
** The Frenchman Raymond Valtat reports on a patent, which describes the principle of working with binary numbers abacus.
** [[Konrad Zuse]] works on a dual electromechanical computing machine that is ready in 1937.
* 1937
** First sapphire needle for records of the company Siemens
** The [[interlaced video]] method is introduced on TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmitter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441 lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of 220 half-lines. Until the HDTV era the interlace method remains in use.
** First movie encoder make it possible not to send the TV live, but to rely on recordings.
* 1938
** The improved AEG tape-recorder "Magnetophon K4" is first used in radio studios. The belt speed is 77 cm / s, which at 1000 m length of tape has a playing time of 22 minutes.
** Werner Flechsig invents the [[shadow mask]] method for separate control of the three primary colors in a color picture tube.
* 1939
** On the "16th Great German Radio and television broadcasting exhibition Berlin 1939 ", the" German Unity television receiver E1 "and announces the release of free commercial television. Due to the difficult political and economic situation, only about 50 devices are sold instead of the planned 10,000.
** In the USA the first regular television broadcasts take place.
* 1940
** The development of television technology for military purposes increases the resolution to 1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commercial [[HDTV]] television reached that resolution almost half a century later.
** The problem of band noise with tape devices is reduced dramatically by the invention of radio frequency bias of Walter Weber and Hans-Joachim von Braunmühl.
* 1942 : The first all-electronic computer is used by [[John Vincent Atanasoff]], but quickly fades into oblivion. Four years later the ENIAC completed - the beginning of the end of Electromechanics in computers and calculators.
* 1945-1947 : American soldiers capture in Germany some tape recorders. This and the nullified German patents leads to the development of the first tape recorders in the United States. The first home device " Sound Mirror "by the Brush Development Co. is there on the market.
* 1948
** The American physicist and industrialist [[Edwin Herbert Land]] (1909-1991) launches the first [[instant camera]], [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] camera Model 95 on the market.
** Three American engineers at [[Bell Laboratories]] ([[John Bardeen]], [[Walter Brattain]] and [[William Shockley]]) invent the [[transistor]]. Its lesser size and power compared with electron tubes brings (from 1955) portable radio receivers starting its march through all areas of electronics.
** The Hungarian-American physicist [[Peter Carl Goldmark]] (1906-1977) invents the [[vinyl record]] (first published 1952), much less noisy than their predecessors shellac. Thanks to micro-groove (100 grooves per cm) can play 23 minutes per side. The [[LP record]] is born. This one is the redemption of the claim "high fidelity one step closer" to the end of the shellac era.
** The [[RCA|Radio Corporation of America]] (RCA) leads the music format with 45 RPM records, later to conquer the market for cheap players. The first publication in Germany in this format appears 1953rd
** The British physicist [[Dennis Gabor]] (1900-1979) invents [[holography]]. This method of recording and reproducing image with coherent light allows three-dimensional images. It was not until 1971 when the procedure gained practical importance, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
* 1949
** In Germany, [[FM broadcasting]] starts regular program operation.
** Experimentally since 1943, series production since 1949 there are for professional use stereo - Tonbandgeräte and matching ribbons. Also portable devices for reporters, initially propelled by a spring mechanism, has been around since 1949
* 1950
** In the USA the first prerecorded audio tapes are marketed.
** Also in the USA the company Zenith markets the first TV with cable remote control for channel selection.
* 1951
** The [[CBS]] (Columbia Broadcasting System) broadcasts in New York the first color television program in the world, but using the field sequential standard, not reaching to the resolution of the black and white television and was to be incompatible.
** With the " tape recorder F15 "from AEG 's first home tape recorder appears on the German market.
** RCA Electronic Music is the first synthesizer prior to the creation of artificial electronic sounds.
* 1952
** Reintroduction of regular television broadcasts in Germany after the Second World War.
** 20th Century Fox developed with "[[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]]" the most successful wide-screen process to better compete with television. Only some 50 years later pulls the TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.
* 1953
** The "[[National Television System Committee]]" (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in the USA named after her black-and-white-compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A year later, this method is introduced in the United States.
** The car radio top model "Mexico" from Becker for the first time to an FM area (in mono) and an automatic tuning.
* 1954
** RCA developed for the first apparatus for recording video signals on magnetic tapes. 22 km magnetic tape are needed per hour. By 1956, succeeds the company [[Ampex]] through the use of multiple tracks, the tape speed to more practicable 38.1 cm / s lower.
** The European Broadcasting Union is founded "Euro Vision".
** First regular television broadcasts in Japan.
* 1955
** The second generation "[[TRADIC]]" ([[Transistorized computer|Transistorized Digital Computer]]), first to use only transistors therefore much smaller and more powerful than its predecessor tube computers.
** The Briton Narinder S. Kapany investigated the propagation of light in fine glass fibers ([[optical fiber]]s).
** The first wireless remote control for a television US-based Zenith consists of a better flashlight, with which one lights up in one of the four devices corners to turn the unit on or off, change the channel or mute the sound.
* 1956
** The company [[Metz (company)|Metz]] introduces radio device type 409 / 3D. First mass production of [[printed circuit board]]s. This follows since the 1930s, several improvements to the manufacturing technology.
** The company Ampex introduces the "VR 1000" the first video recorder. That same year, CBS uses it for the first magnetic video tape recording (VTR) from. Although other programs are produced in color since 1954, the VTR cannot record color.
* 1957 : The Frenchman [[Henri de France]] (1911-1986) developed the first generation of color TV system SECAM, which avoids some of the problems of the NTSC method. The weaknesses of the SECAM system be fixed in later modifications of the standard for the most part.
* 1958
** By merging the Edison patents and the Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording method becomes commercially viable. The company [[Mercury Records]] launches the first [[stereo record]] on the market.
** The company Ampex expands the video recorder with the Model "VR 1000 B" to give it color capability.
== Véase también==
* [[Electrónica]
* [[History of electronic engineering]]
* [[Timeline of historic inventions]]
* [[Timeline of heat engine technology]]
== Referencias ==
[[Category:Technology timelines|Electrical and electronic engineering]]
[[Category:History of electrical engineering]]
[[Category:History of electronic engineering]]
http://bit.ly/2MV1Tfs
