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Топонимия Болгарии
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[[Файл:Bulgaria admin.png|thumb|right|450px|Административное деление Болгарии]]
'''Топонимия Болгарии''' — совокупность географических названий, включающая наименования природных и культурных объектов на территории [[Болгария|Болгарии]]. Структура и состав топонимии страны обусловлены её географическим положением и [[История Болгарии|богатой историей]].
== Название страны ==
Название Болгарии происходит от названия тюркских племён — «[[булгары]]», населявших с IV века степи Северного Причерноморья до Каспия и Северного Кавказа и мигрировавших во 2-й половине VII века частично в Подунавье, а позднее в Среднее Поволжье и ряд других регионов. Некоторые историки ставят под вопрос идентификацию булгар как тюркского племени, высказывая гипотезу об их северо-иранском происхождении<ref>Dobrev, Petar. «Езикът на Аспаруховите и Куберовите българи». 1995. </ref><ref>Bakalov, Georgi. ''Малко известни факти от историята на древните българи''. [https://ift.tt/1It9tqS Part 1] & [https://ift.tt/1H4OG7B Part 2]. </ref>. Этноним «булгары», возможно, возник из прототюркского слова bulģha («смешивать», «встряхивать», «перемешивать») и его производного bulgak («восстание», «беспорядок»)<ref>Bowersock, Glen W. & al. ''[https://ift.tt/2CqxYdz Late Antiquity: a Guide to the Postclassical World]'', p. 354. Harvard University Press, 1999. .</ref>. Альтернативные этимологии выводят происхождение этнонима из [[Монгольский язык|монгольского]] bulğarak («отделить», «отделить») или от соединения [[Пратюркский язык|пратюркского]] bel («пять») и gur («стрела» в смысле «племя»), предполагаемого разделения [[Утигуры|утигуров]] или [[Оногуры|оногуров]] («десять племен»)<ref>Karataty, Osman. ''[https://ift.tt/2MSUX5G In Search of the Lost Tribe: the Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation]'', p. 28.</ref>.
Альтернативная гипотеза происхождения названия страны связывает его с особенностями произношения названия реки [[Волга]], у берегов которой обитали эти племена, и постепенно трансформировавшегося: Volga → Volgarii → Volgaria → Bolgaria → Bulgaria<ref name="Charnock">''Charnock, Richard Stephen''. [https://ift.tt/2CvtNNC Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names]. — London: Houlston and Wright, 1859. — P. 50.</ref>.
== Формирование топонимии ==
== Состав топонимии ==
=== Этимология названий регионов ===
{| class="wikitable" sortable" rules="all"
|- align="left"
! Название области
! Происхождение топонима
! Первое упоминание
! Значение
! Примечания
|-
| [[Благоевградская область]]
| славянский
| 1950<ref name=blagoevgrad></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Blagoevgrad]], itself a recent construct from ''Blagoev'' + the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] suffix ''[[Grad (toponymy)|-grad]]'', «Blagoev's city». ''Blagoev'' is from the Bulgarian personal name ''[[Blagoy]]'', from ''blag'', «sweet, figuratively- gentle and kind». Named after [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]] founder [[Dimitar Blagoev]].
|Numerous place names with the [[Grad (toponymy)|Slavic component ''grad'']]
|-
| [[Бургасская область]]
| Latin
| [[Ancient history|Antiquity]], current form — 1727<ref name=burgas></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Burgas]], from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''[[burgus]]'', meaning a «tower, fort», after a local ancient Roman travel post.<ref name=municipality></ref><ref name=pocket></ref>
| [[Burgos]], ''[[Lüleburgaz]]'', ''Kumburgaz'', ''Yarımburgaz'', ''Kemerburgaz''
|-
| [[Добричская область]]
| славянский
| 1882<ref name=dobrich></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Dobrich]], after the 14th-century [[Dobruja]]n ruler [[Dobrotitsa]],<ref name=dobrich/> from the Slavic root ''dobr'', «good»<ref>[https://ift.tt/2NrmSJx Vasmer query]</ref>
|
|-
| [[Габровская область]]
| славянский
| 1430<ref name=gabrovo></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Gabrovo]], probably from the Slavic word ''gabar'' («[[hornbeam]]») + the Slavic suffix ''-ovo''<ref name=gabrovo/>
| [[Grabow (disambiguation)|Grabow]]
|-
| [[Хасковская область]]
| Arabic, Turkish and славянский
| 15th century<ref name=haskovo></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Haskovo]], from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] حس ''has'' («possession») + the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''köy'' («village») + the Slavic suffix ''-ovo''<ref name=haskovo/>
|
|-
| [[Кырджалийская область]]
| Turkish and Arabic
| Ottoman rule
| Named after the city of [[Kardzhali]], after the 14th-century Turkish conqueror Kırca Ali,<ref></ref> from the Turkish name Kirca and the Arabic name [[Ali (name)|Ali]], derived from an Arabic root which means «high» or «Elevated».
|
|-
| [[Кюстендилская область]]
| Latin and Turkish
| 1559<ref name=kyustendil></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Kyustendil]], from Kösten, the Turkified name of the 14th-century local feudal [[Constantine Dragaš]], from [[Latin]] ''constans'', «steadfast» + the Turkish ''il'' «shire, county»<ref name=kyustendil/>
| [[Constanţa]] (''Köstence'')
|-
| [[Ловечская область]]
| славянский
| mid-11th century<ref name=lovech> Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
| Named after the city of [[Lovech]], possibly from the Slavic root ''lov'', «hunting» + the Slavic suffix ''-ech''
| [[Łowicz]]
|-
| [[Монтанская область]]
| Latin
| Antiquity
| Named after the city of the same name, formerly called Mihailovgrad, and renamed in 1993 after the nearby ancient Roman city of ''Municipio Montanensium'', from Latin ''mons'', «mountain».
| [[Montana (disambiguation)|Montana]]
|-
| [[Пазарджикская область]]
| Persian, Turkic
| Ottoman rule
| Named after the city of [[Pazardzhik]], from ''pazar'', the Turkified word of the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''bāzār'', «market» + the Turkic diminutive suffix ''-cık'', «small»
| [[Novi Pazar]]
|-
| [[Перникская область]]
| славянский
| 12th century<ref></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Pernik]], probably from the name of the Slavic god [[Perun]] + the Slavic suffix ''-nik'' or ''-ik'' or from a local [[boyar]] named Perin.<ref>https://ift.tt/2MTSpnX>
|
|-
| [[Плевенская область]]
| славянский
| Hungarian charter of 1270<ref></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Pleven]], from the Slavic root ''plev'' («weed») + the Slavic suffix or ending ''-en''
| [[Pljevlja]]
|-
| [[Пловдивская область]]
| Thracian, possibly Slavic and Greek
| 15th century<ref></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Plovdiv]], a Slavicized variant of the earlier [[Thracian language|Thracian]] name ''Pulpudeva'', from Thracian ''deva'' «city» and Thracian ''puplpu'', which can mean «lake.» Or it may be the Thracian form of the Greek name ''[[Philip (name)|Philip]]'' «horselover», after [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]], possibly including the Slavic suffix ''ov'' in the middle as the suffixes for [[Slavic names|family names]].<ref>https://ift.tt/2CqZ83O name=Plovdiv></ref><ref></ref> In earlier times in Western Europe and elsewhere it was known as Philipopolis, so named by [[Philip II of Macedon]] after he conquered it in the 4th century BCE.<ref>[[Philippopolis (Thracia)]]</ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
|
|-
| [[Разградская область]]
| Persian and славянский
| 1573<ref name="razgrad"></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Razgrad]], probably from the Slavic god [[Hors]], whose name comes from the Persian [[Hvare-khshaeta|xoršid]], or alternatively from the Persian word ''hezar'' «thousand», or from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''[[wikt:hissar|hissar]]'' «fortress». + the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] suffix ''[[Grad (toponymy)|-grad]]''.
| ''[[Hârşova]]'' [https://ift.tt/2CFRvqH]
|-
| [[Русенская область]]
| неизвестно
| 1380s<ref name=rousse>Русе |language=Bulgarian |accessdate=2008-09-14 |archiveurl=https://ift.tt/2CFRxyP |archivedate=2008-06-10 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
| Named after the city of [[Rousse]] (more accurately ''Ruse''), probably from the root ''*ru-'' («river», «stream») or ''*h₁reudʰ-ó-'' («red» or «blonde»). Other suggestions include [[Russians|Russian]] settlement, a derivation from ''Russocastrom'', an unattested tribe of [[Getae]] (''riusi'') or the pagan practice of ''Rusalii''<ref name=rousse/>
|
|-
| [[Шуменская область]]
| еврейский или славянский
| 12th century<ref name=shumen></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Shumen]], either from the Slavic word ''shuma'' («forest» or «verdure») + the Slavic suffix or ending ''-en'' or from ''Simeonis'', after [[Simeon I of Bulgaria]] (itself from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Shim'on'', «harkening», «listening»)<ref name=shumen/>
| ''[[Šumadija]]? [[Bohemian Forest|Šumava]]?''<ref name=shumen/>
|-
| [[Силистренская область]]
| Daco-Thracian or Latin
| early 13th century<ref name=silistra></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Silistra]] (old name ''Drastar'', from [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] ''Durostorum''), possibly from the Ancient Greek name of the [[Danube]], ''Istrus'',<ref name=silistra/> itself borrowed from Thracian.<ref></ref> or from the Latin words «silo» and «stra», «awl» and «strategy».
|
|-
| [[Сливенская область]]
| славянский
| 17th centuryLiquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
| Named after the city of [[Sliven]], from the Slavic word ''sliv'' («pour, confluence») + the Slavic suffix or ending ''-en''<ref></ref>
|
|-
| [[Смолянская область]]
| славянский
| after 1878<ref name=smolyan></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Smolyan]], itself after the local Slavic tribe of the [[Smolyani]], probably cognate to the Slavic word ''smola'' («resin»)<ref name=smolyan/>
| [[Smolany]], [[Smolany Dąb]], [[Smolany Sadek]], [[Smolensk]], etc.
|-
| [[София (область)|София]]
| Greek
| From Greek ''Sophia'' («wisdom»), after the [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]]<ref></ref>
| [[Sophia (disambiguation)|Sophia]]
|-
| [[Софийская область]]
| см. выше
| см. выше
| название от города София, см. выше
| см. выше
|-
| [[Старозагорская область]]
| славянский
| Middle Ages(region)<ref name=starazagora></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Stara Zagora]], from the Slavic root ''star'' («old») and the name of the medieval region of [[Zagore]] («beyond the [[Balkan Mountains|[Balkan] mountains]]» in Slavic)<ref name=starazagora/>
| [[Nova Zagora]], [[Zagora (disambiguation)|Zagora]], [[Zagori]], [[Zagorje]], [[Záhorie]], [[Zagorsk]]
|-
| [[Тырговиштская область]]
| Slavic translation of Turkish
| 1934<ref></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Targovishte]], from the Slavic root ''targ'' («marketplace») + the Slavic placename suffix ''-ishte'', «market town» (a calque of the Ottoman Turkish ''Eski Cuma'', «old market»)
| [[Târgovişte]], [[Trgovište]]
|-
| [[Варненская область]]
| Unknown, possibly
(1) [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]], or
(2) [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE), or
(3) [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| [[Theophanes Confessor]] (8th century)<ref name=varna></ref>
(4) [[Varangians]]
| Named after the city of [[Varna]],
(1) possible Proto-Slavic etymology: ''varn'' («black»), non-metathesized group CorC, later ''vran''; or from Bulgarian ''var'' («lime»),<ref name=varna/>
(2) possible PIE etymology: [[Proto-Indo-European root|PIE root]] ''we-r-'' [https://ift.tt/2CFRJhx (water)]; cognate: ''[[Varuna]]''
(3) possible Iranian etymology: ''var'' («camp», «fortress»)
| (1) ''[[Warnow]]/[[Warnemünde]]'', ''[[Varniai]]'', ''[[Vranje]]''?
(2) ''[[Varanasi]]''?
(3) ''[[Varosha (disambiguation)|Varosha]]'', [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] Vár?
|-
| [[Великотырновская область]]
| славянский and possibly Latin
| 1180s<ref>политически, религиозен и културен център на Второто българско царство |publisher=DiscoveryBG |language=Bulgarian |accessdate=2008-09-14 }}</ref>
| Named after the city of [[Veliko Tarnovo]], from the Slavic root ''velik'' («great») and the root ''tarn'' («thorn») or from Latin ''turis'' («tower») or ''tres naves'' («three ships», referring to the three hills) + the Slavic suffix ''-ovo''<ref></ref>
| [[Tarnów]], [[Trnava]], [[Tyrnavos]]
|-
| [[Видинская область]]
| Celtic
| Antiquity or Middle Ages, current form since 1570<ref name=vidin></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Vidin]], from the ancient [[Celtic language|Celtic]]<ref></ref> name ''Dononia'', «fortified hill», through Roman ''Bononia'' and finally Bulgarian ''Bdin'', ''Badin''.<ref name=vidin/>
| [[Bologna]]
|-
| [[Врацкая область]]
| славянский
| 16th centuryLiquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
| Named after the city of [[Vratsa]], named after the Vratitsa Pass nearby, from the Slavic word ''vrata'' («gate») + the Slavic diminutive placename suffix ''-itsa'', «little gate».<ref> кратка справка |publisher=PureBulgaria |language=Bulgarian |accessdate=2008-09-14 }}</ref>
| [[Vrata, Mehedinţi]]
|-
| [[Ямболская область]]
| Greek and possibly Latin
| Ottoman rule(current form)<ref name=yambol></ref>
| Named after the city of [[Yambol]], from ''Diambouli'', from ''Di'' after [[Diocletian]] or [[Zeus|Dios]] (Zeus) + the Greek polis «city»<ref name=yambol/>
|
|}
== Примечания ==
== Литература ==
=== на русском языке ===
*
[[Категория:Топонимия Болгарии]]
https://ift.tt/2CFRYcr
