新規更新June 08, 2019 at 07:05AM
【外部リンク】
Bugō
Ozaru: Initial version
}} are [[nickname]]s used in the [[Japanese martial arts]]. The word is composed of the symbols [[wikt:武|武]] (bu, meaning 'martial') and [[wikt:号|号]] (gō, meaning 'name'). In English the term is sometimes translated as 'martial name' or 'warrior name'<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref></ref> with similar equivalents in other languages.<ref></ref>
== Cultural origin ==
As [[James George Frazer]] demonstrated in [[The Golden Bough]], using [[pseudonym]]s (a.k.a. aliases or monikers) instead of one's real name is a [[taboo]] common to many countries throughout history.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In Japan too, the word for [[true name]] ([[wikt:諱|諱]], imina) is derived from [[wikt:忌|忌み]]+[[wikt:名|名]] (also imina), meaning 'name to be avoided due to death or other taboos' - after death, people are given posthumous names ([[wikt:諡|諡]], okurina) to avoid 'calling' them via their true name.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In China's [[Southern Song]] period, [[Neo-Confucianism]] combined concepts of [[recluse|reclusion]], [[self-denial]] and self-effacing [[humility]] from [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]] and [[Buddhism]], and these thoughts found fertile ground in Japan.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> [[:ja:諱#実名敬避俗|実名敬避俗]] (jitsumei keihizoku, the avoidance of real names) became fashionable and even de rigueur amongst the educated classes - [[literati]] ([[:ja:文人]]) poets, artists and monks, as well as courtiers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In Japan even now it is common practice to call people by their titles instead of names (even within the family),<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref> Facts and Details |url=http://bit.ly/2QYAlb5 |website=factsanddetails.com |accessdate=7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and online, Japanese people tend to use [[Pseudonym#Online_activity|handles]] rather than personal names (see also [[Japanese name]]s).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
During the [[Edo period]], Japanese people - even commoners - used multiple names.<ref></ref> [[Samurai#Names|Samurai names]] changed throughout their lives, depending on stage of life (e.g. [[genpuku|coming of age]]), titles associated with official positions, allegiance, and Buddhist [[necronyms]] after death (q.v. [[Dharma name|Kaimyō]]).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> However, these are not normally referred to as Bugō unless used within a martial arts training setting ([[dojo|dōjō]] or [[ryū|ryūha]]).
[[Miyamoto Musashi]]'s various names included 藤原 Fujiwara (lineage), 宮本 Miyamoto (village origin), 新免 Shinmen (name of father's lord), 辨助 Bennosuke (childhood name), 武蔵 Musashi (title; also possibly read 'Takezō' as a personal name), 玄信 ('imina', read as Harunobu, Motonobu and/or Genshin), 二天 Niten (mainly in his [[ink wash paintings|suiboku]] paintings), 二天道楽 Niten Dōraku, etc. People still debate which of these names were really used, in what ways, and how they were read.<ref></ref>
As with [[patronymic]] personal names and [[Yagō]], it is common for students to include a character from the teacher's Bugō as a mark of respect, and to ensure continuity of the [[lineage (anthropology)|lineage]].<ref></ref> In many cases the name would not be chosen by the practitioner/student, but chosen for them by the teacher - see many examples below.
Similar customs can be found outside Japan: for example [[Richard I of England|Richard 'the Lionheart']], [[Don Quixote]], [[Carlos the Jackal]], or the [[ring names]] used by modern sports martial artists. In addition, warrior names are found amongst the indigenous [[Kwakwakaʼwakw]]<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and forest dwellers of French Guiana.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Examples / types ==
The [http://bit.ly/2QYzXcD Bugei Ryūha Daijiten] directory of historical martial arts schools lists Bugō for many within the various lineages.
The [[Grandmaster (martial arts)|grandmaster]]s of [[:ja:真之真石川流|Shin-no-shin Ishikawa-ryū]] always included the character [[wikt:源|源]] in their Bugō to indicate their founder's descent from the [[Minamoto clan]].
[[Ittō-ryū]]'s founder [[Itō Ittōsai|Itō Kagehisa]] used the name 'Ittō-sai' (一刀斎).
[[Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū]] founder Iizasa Ienao used the name 'Chōi-sai' (長威斎).
[[Yagyū Munetoshi]] of the [[Shinkage-ryū]] used the name 'Sekishū-sai' (石舟斎).
The character [[wikt:斎|斎]] (-sai), meaning 'study room', seen at the end of the three examples above is common to many martial artists of the [[Edo period]], principally because of "bunbu-ryōdō" ("the pen and the sword in accord"), i.e. the link between martial arts and visual arts. Such 斎号 ('-sai names') are even now commonly used as posthumous Buddhist [[Dharma name]]s for artists or doctors.<ref></ref> Whether a given individual intended them to be used as [[pen names]] or Bugō is not always clear.
[[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]]'s founder [[Takeda Sōkaku]] used the Bugō 'Minamoto Masayoshi' (源正義).<ref></ref>
His student Yamamoto Tomekichi, founder of Mugen Shintō-ryū, was granted one character from Sōkaku's birth name 惣角, and one from his Bugō 源正義, combining them to make Kakuyoshi (角義). He also had a "-sai name", Ittō-sai (一刀斎) - coincidentally the same as that of Itō Kagehisa as seen above.
Furuoka Masaru, founder of Musō-ryū Iaigiri-dō, used the Bugō 'Nitō-sai' (二刀斎) - another "-sai name", this time preceded with "two swords" instead of the Ittō-sai "one sword" meaning.
[[Bujinkan]] grandmaster [[Masaaki Hatsumi]] has used different Bugō at different stages in his life (e.g. Byakuryū, Toratsugu, Tetsuzan, Hisamune),<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> as did his teacher, [[Toshitsugu Takamatsu]] (e.g. Kikaku, Chōsui, Mōko no Tora)<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref></ref>. Those training in this art are frequently awarded Bugō when they reach 5th [[dan (rank)|dan]] (instructor) level. Many of the names include either the character 龍 (ryū, dragon) or 虎 (ko, tiger), both derived from past names of Hatsumi and Takamatsu (e.g. Unryū 雲龍 = Cloud Dragon,<ref></ref>, Kiryū 輝龍 = Shining Dragon,<ref></ref> Hiryū 飛龍 = Flying Dragon,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Nanko = Southern Tiger).<ref></ref> The combination of the two, 龍虎 (Ryūko) was awarded to Major Joe Vaughan.<ref></ref> Most variants include animals (e.g. Shirokuma = Polar Bear,<ref></ref> Taka Seigi = Hawk Justice,<ref></ref> Isamu Koma 勇駒 = brave horse,<ref></ref> Byakko 白狐 = White Fox,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Ōzaru = Great Ape).<ref></ref>
Former students of Hatsumi similarly use martial names, e.g. Fumio 'Unsui' Manaka,<ref></ref> Tsunehisa 'Shōtō' Tanemura.<ref></ref>. [[:ja:佐藤金兵衛|Satō Kinbei]], a rather controversial figure who claimed also to have studied under Takamatsu, used the Bugō (and "-sai name") 'Jūshinsai' (柔心斎) and passed this to his daughter Chizuko, who became the '2nd generation Jūshinsai'.<ref></ref> Kimura Masaji, another claiming to have studied under Takamatsu, used the Bugō 'Masakatsu' (正勝).<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Students of [[Stephen K. Hayes]]'s [[To-Shin Do]] are awarded warrior names on promotion to 3rd Dan, e.g. Kevin 'Keitoshi' Casey.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
The [http://bit.ly/2hOW7xA Tenshin ryū] website lists five instructors with Bugō, each granted to them by previous masters.
Shiina Kazue, grandmaster of [[Hokushin Ittō-ryū]], uses the Bugō 'Naritane' (成胤). The character [[wikt:胤|胤]] (-tane) is common to several generations of grandmaster in this school.
Hidemine Jibiki, president of the All Japan Soft-Style Martial Arts Federation uses the Bugō 'Buhō' (武峰).<ref></ref>
Nakajima Shōhitsu, grandmaster of [[Shinkage-ryū]], used the Bugō 'Shōun' (勝雲). Seven of the past eight in the lineage have used the character [[wikt:勝|勝]] (meaning "to win") in their names.<ref></ref>
In the Kidōkan [[Iaido|Iaidō]] Dōjō in Osaka, new Dan grades are awarded Bugō such as 不聆庵
<ref></ref>
== References ==
== See also ==
* [[Pseudonym#Military_and_paramilitary_organizations|Nom de guerre]]
* [[Shikona]], [[ring names]] used by [[sumō|sumo]] wrestlers
* [[Yagō]], pseudonyms used by Japanese actors or merchants
* [[Stage name]] (a.k.a. screen name)
* [[Pen name]]
== External links ==
* [http://bit.ly/2WXQsuO 「号」の文化について] - [[Japanese language]] article from Tenshin-ryū about the history of martial names
* [http://bit.ly/2QYApHR 和号と庵号と武号] - [[Japanese language]] article by Takeharu Bruce Nakadai (Bugō: Hekishū-sai 碧洲齋) from 不動庵 about the thought process behind giving martial names to students
<!--- Categories --->
== Cultural origin ==
As [[James George Frazer]] demonstrated in [[The Golden Bough]], using [[pseudonym]]s (a.k.a. aliases or monikers) instead of one's real name is a [[taboo]] common to many countries throughout history.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In Japan too, the word for [[true name]] ([[wikt:諱|諱]], imina) is derived from [[wikt:忌|忌み]]+[[wikt:名|名]] (also imina), meaning 'name to be avoided due to death or other taboos' - after death, people are given posthumous names ([[wikt:諡|諡]], okurina) to avoid 'calling' them via their true name.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In China's [[Southern Song]] period, [[Neo-Confucianism]] combined concepts of [[recluse|reclusion]], [[self-denial]] and self-effacing [[humility]] from [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]] and [[Buddhism]], and these thoughts found fertile ground in Japan.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> [[:ja:諱#実名敬避俗|実名敬避俗]] (jitsumei keihizoku, the avoidance of real names) became fashionable and even de rigueur amongst the educated classes - [[literati]] ([[:ja:文人]]) poets, artists and monks, as well as courtiers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In Japan even now it is common practice to call people by their titles instead of names (even within the family),<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref> Facts and Details |url=http://bit.ly/2QYAlb5 |website=factsanddetails.com |accessdate=7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and online, Japanese people tend to use [[Pseudonym#Online_activity|handles]] rather than personal names (see also [[Japanese name]]s).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
During the [[Edo period]], Japanese people - even commoners - used multiple names.<ref></ref> [[Samurai#Names|Samurai names]] changed throughout their lives, depending on stage of life (e.g. [[genpuku|coming of age]]), titles associated with official positions, allegiance, and Buddhist [[necronyms]] after death (q.v. [[Dharma name|Kaimyō]]).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> However, these are not normally referred to as Bugō unless used within a martial arts training setting ([[dojo|dōjō]] or [[ryū|ryūha]]).
[[Miyamoto Musashi]]'s various names included 藤原 Fujiwara (lineage), 宮本 Miyamoto (village origin), 新免 Shinmen (name of father's lord), 辨助 Bennosuke (childhood name), 武蔵 Musashi (title; also possibly read 'Takezō' as a personal name), 玄信 ('imina', read as Harunobu, Motonobu and/or Genshin), 二天 Niten (mainly in his [[ink wash paintings|suiboku]] paintings), 二天道楽 Niten Dōraku, etc. People still debate which of these names were really used, in what ways, and how they were read.<ref></ref>
As with [[patronymic]] personal names and [[Yagō]], it is common for students to include a character from the teacher's Bugō as a mark of respect, and to ensure continuity of the [[lineage (anthropology)|lineage]].<ref></ref> In many cases the name would not be chosen by the practitioner/student, but chosen for them by the teacher - see many examples below.
Similar customs can be found outside Japan: for example [[Richard I of England|Richard 'the Lionheart']], [[Don Quixote]], [[Carlos the Jackal]], or the [[ring names]] used by modern sports martial artists. In addition, warrior names are found amongst the indigenous [[Kwakwakaʼwakw]]<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and forest dwellers of French Guiana.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Examples / types ==
The [http://bit.ly/2QYzXcD Bugei Ryūha Daijiten] directory of historical martial arts schools lists Bugō for many within the various lineages.
The [[Grandmaster (martial arts)|grandmaster]]s of [[:ja:真之真石川流|Shin-no-shin Ishikawa-ryū]] always included the character [[wikt:源|源]] in their Bugō to indicate their founder's descent from the [[Minamoto clan]].
[[Ittō-ryū]]'s founder [[Itō Ittōsai|Itō Kagehisa]] used the name 'Ittō-sai' (一刀斎).
[[Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū]] founder Iizasa Ienao used the name 'Chōi-sai' (長威斎).
[[Yagyū Munetoshi]] of the [[Shinkage-ryū]] used the name 'Sekishū-sai' (石舟斎).
The character [[wikt:斎|斎]] (-sai), meaning 'study room', seen at the end of the three examples above is common to many martial artists of the [[Edo period]], principally because of "bunbu-ryōdō" ("the pen and the sword in accord"), i.e. the link between martial arts and visual arts. Such 斎号 ('-sai names') are even now commonly used as posthumous Buddhist [[Dharma name]]s for artists or doctors.<ref></ref> Whether a given individual intended them to be used as [[pen names]] or Bugō is not always clear.
[[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]]'s founder [[Takeda Sōkaku]] used the Bugō 'Minamoto Masayoshi' (源正義).<ref></ref>
His student Yamamoto Tomekichi, founder of Mugen Shintō-ryū, was granted one character from Sōkaku's birth name 惣角, and one from his Bugō 源正義, combining them to make Kakuyoshi (角義). He also had a "-sai name", Ittō-sai (一刀斎) - coincidentally the same as that of Itō Kagehisa as seen above.
Furuoka Masaru, founder of Musō-ryū Iaigiri-dō, used the Bugō 'Nitō-sai' (二刀斎) - another "-sai name", this time preceded with "two swords" instead of the Ittō-sai "one sword" meaning.
[[Bujinkan]] grandmaster [[Masaaki Hatsumi]] has used different Bugō at different stages in his life (e.g. Byakuryū, Toratsugu, Tetsuzan, Hisamune),<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> as did his teacher, [[Toshitsugu Takamatsu]] (e.g. Kikaku, Chōsui, Mōko no Tora)<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref></ref>. Those training in this art are frequently awarded Bugō when they reach 5th [[dan (rank)|dan]] (instructor) level. Many of the names include either the character 龍 (ryū, dragon) or 虎 (ko, tiger), both derived from past names of Hatsumi and Takamatsu (e.g. Unryū 雲龍 = Cloud Dragon,<ref></ref>, Kiryū 輝龍 = Shining Dragon,<ref></ref> Hiryū 飛龍 = Flying Dragon,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Nanko = Southern Tiger).<ref></ref> The combination of the two, 龍虎 (Ryūko) was awarded to Major Joe Vaughan.<ref></ref> Most variants include animals (e.g. Shirokuma = Polar Bear,<ref></ref> Taka Seigi = Hawk Justice,<ref></ref> Isamu Koma 勇駒 = brave horse,<ref></ref> Byakko 白狐 = White Fox,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Ōzaru = Great Ape).<ref></ref>
Former students of Hatsumi similarly use martial names, e.g. Fumio 'Unsui' Manaka,<ref></ref> Tsunehisa 'Shōtō' Tanemura.<ref></ref>. [[:ja:佐藤金兵衛|Satō Kinbei]], a rather controversial figure who claimed also to have studied under Takamatsu, used the Bugō (and "-sai name") 'Jūshinsai' (柔心斎) and passed this to his daughter Chizuko, who became the '2nd generation Jūshinsai'.<ref></ref> Kimura Masaji, another claiming to have studied under Takamatsu, used the Bugō 'Masakatsu' (正勝).<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Students of [[Stephen K. Hayes]]'s [[To-Shin Do]] are awarded warrior names on promotion to 3rd Dan, e.g. Kevin 'Keitoshi' Casey.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
The [http://bit.ly/2hOW7xA Tenshin ryū] website lists five instructors with Bugō, each granted to them by previous masters.
Shiina Kazue, grandmaster of [[Hokushin Ittō-ryū]], uses the Bugō 'Naritane' (成胤). The character [[wikt:胤|胤]] (-tane) is common to several generations of grandmaster in this school.
Hidemine Jibiki, president of the All Japan Soft-Style Martial Arts Federation uses the Bugō 'Buhō' (武峰).<ref></ref>
Nakajima Shōhitsu, grandmaster of [[Shinkage-ryū]], used the Bugō 'Shōun' (勝雲). Seven of the past eight in the lineage have used the character [[wikt:勝|勝]] (meaning "to win") in their names.<ref></ref>
In the Kidōkan [[Iaido|Iaidō]] Dōjō in Osaka, new Dan grades are awarded Bugō such as 不聆庵
<ref></ref>
== References ==
== See also ==
* [[Pseudonym#Military_and_paramilitary_organizations|Nom de guerre]]
* [[Shikona]], [[ring names]] used by [[sumō|sumo]] wrestlers
* [[Yagō]], pseudonyms used by Japanese actors or merchants
* [[Stage name]] (a.k.a. screen name)
* [[Pen name]]
== External links ==
* [http://bit.ly/2WXQsuO 「号」の文化について] - [[Japanese language]] article from Tenshin-ryū about the history of martial names
* [http://bit.ly/2QYApHR 和号と庵号と武号] - [[Japanese language]] article by Takeharu Bruce Nakadai (Bugō: Hekishū-sai 碧洲齋) from 不動庵 about the thought process behind giving martial names to students
<!--- Categories --->
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