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Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
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[[File:Culture précolombiennes en Colombie.png|thumb|300px|Location map of the pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia]]
The '''pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia''' refers to the [[Amerindian]] peoples that inhabited [[Colombia]] before the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century.
Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from [[Mesoamerica]] and the [[Caribbean]] to the [[Andes]] and [[Amazon basin]]. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley southwest of Bogotá.<ref></ref> These sites date from the [[Paleoindian]] period (18,000–8000 BCE). At [[Puerto Hormiga archaeological site|Puerto Hormiga]] and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of [[El Abra]] and [[Tequendama (archaeological site)|Tequendama]] in [[Cundinamarca Department (1820)|Cundinamarca]]. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto, dates to 5000–4000 BCE.<ref>
</ref>
Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. Nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes at the [[El Abra]], [[Tibitó]] and [[Tequendama]] sites near present-day [[Bogotá]] traded with one another and with other cultures from the [[Magdalena River]] Valley.<ref></ref> Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of [[Amerindian]]s including the [[Muisca]], [[Zenú]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], and [[Tairona]] developed the political system of ''[[cacicazgo]]s'' with a pyramidal structure of power headed by ''caciques''.
Most of the Amerindians practiced agriculture and the social structure of each indigenous community was different. Some groups of indigenous people such as the Caribs lived in a state of permanent war, but others had less bellicose attitudes.<ref></ref>
There was no dominant culture in the pre-Columbian Colombia. Most of the aboriginal groups belonged to one of 3 major linguistic groups ([[Arawakan languages|Arawak]], [[Cariban languages|Carib]], and [[Chibchan languages|Chibcha]]) and were part of a patchwork of several cultures and subcultures. These indigenous peoples developed the cultivation of yucca in the lower elevations, corn at middle altitudes, and potatoes in the highlands. They practiced ceramic pottery and other crafts, with important achievements in the working of gold, as the use of "[[tumbaga]]", an alloy of gold and copper that facilitated the work of the artisan.<ref name=global>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name=colombia></ref>
None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, nor a native empire such as that of the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500, the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were the Taironas and the Muiscas.<ref name=global /> Meanwhile, the Incas expanded their [[Inca Empire|empire]] onto the southwest part of the country.<ref></ref>
==Main cultures==
[[File:Parque Arqueológico de San Agustín - tomb of a deity with supporting warriors.jpg|thumb|[[San Agustín Archaeological Park]]]]
[[File:Lost City Ruins.jpg|thumb|[[Ciudad Perdida]] ("The Lost City")]]
[[File:Gold Museum, Bogota (36145671394).jpg|thumb|[[Muisca raft]]. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of [[El Dorado]].]]
The [[San Agustín culture]] inhabited the upper Magdalena region in what is today the [[Huila Department]], in central Colombia. This culture is recognized by its megalithic statues, which were created for religious use.<ref name=colombia />
The [[Tierradentro|Tierradentro culture]] inhabited what is in current times the [[Cauca Department|Department of Cauca]], in southwest Colombia. This culture is recognized by their [[hypogea]].<ref name=colombia />
The Tumaco culture was located in southwest Colombia ([[Nariño Department|Department of Nariño]]), in the border with [[Ecuador]]. It was characterized by their pottery work, which was mainly sculptural.<ref name=colombia />
The Tolima culture inhabited current-day [[Tolima Department]] in central Colombia. It's recognized by their goldsmith and pottery.<ref name=colombia />
In southwestern Colombia (department of Nariño), the [[Nariño culture]] is recognized by their pottery, emphasizing the negative painting or positive bicolor.<ref name=colombia />
In western Colombia (department of [[Valle del Cauca]]), the [[Calima culture]] took advantage of its location in one of the main natural ways of communication between the Pacific Coast and the valley of the Cauca River, which promoted the flourishing of a culture characterized by its goldsmith.<ref name=colombia />
The [[Zenú|Sinú or Zenú culture]] was located in northwest Colombia (departments of [[Sucre Department|Sucre]] and Córdoba) and its recognized by their utilitarian and ritual ceramics and goldsmith in which they combined several techniques.<ref name=colombia /> They also did a system of drainage channels to control floodings.<ref></ref>
The [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]] inhabited regions of the [[Cauca River]] Valley between the [[Cordillera Occidental, Colombia|Western]] and [[Cordillera Central, Colombia|Central]] Ranges of the Colombian Andes (current-day departments of [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]] and [[Quindío Department|Quindío]]). This culture is recognized by their goldsmith, which, among other things, produced [[Poporo|poporos]] (bottles for storing lime used in chewing of coca leaves) of gold.<ref></ref><ref name=global /><ref name=colombia />
The [[Tairona]] inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated mountain range of [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] (current [[Magdalena Department]], northern Colombia). This culture is recognized by their goldsmith, their pottery and their stone constructions in the slopes of the mountains, like [[Ciudad Perdida]] ("The Lost City").<ref></ref><ref name=global /><ref name=colombia />
The [[Muisca]] inhabited mainly the area of what is now [[Bogotá]] and the departments of [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]] and [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]] in central Colombia, where they formed the [[Muisca Confederation]]. They farmed corn, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, [[Colombian emeralds|emeralds]], blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially [[halite|rock salt]] with neighboring nations. Among Muisca goldsmith, is remarkable the fabrication of ''Tunjos'', anthropomorphic figurines used for ritual purposes.<ref name=colombia />
==References==
==External links==
*Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
[[Category:Pre-Columbian era]]
[[Category:History of Colombia]]
The '''pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia''' refers to the [[Amerindian]] peoples that inhabited [[Colombia]] before the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century.
Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from [[Mesoamerica]] and the [[Caribbean]] to the [[Andes]] and [[Amazon basin]]. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley southwest of Bogotá.<ref></ref> These sites date from the [[Paleoindian]] period (18,000–8000 BCE). At [[Puerto Hormiga archaeological site|Puerto Hormiga]] and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of [[El Abra]] and [[Tequendama (archaeological site)|Tequendama]] in [[Cundinamarca Department (1820)|Cundinamarca]]. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto, dates to 5000–4000 BCE.<ref>
</ref>
Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. Nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes at the [[El Abra]], [[Tibitó]] and [[Tequendama]] sites near present-day [[Bogotá]] traded with one another and with other cultures from the [[Magdalena River]] Valley.<ref></ref> Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of [[Amerindian]]s including the [[Muisca]], [[Zenú]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], and [[Tairona]] developed the political system of ''[[cacicazgo]]s'' with a pyramidal structure of power headed by ''caciques''.
Most of the Amerindians practiced agriculture and the social structure of each indigenous community was different. Some groups of indigenous people such as the Caribs lived in a state of permanent war, but others had less bellicose attitudes.<ref></ref>
There was no dominant culture in the pre-Columbian Colombia. Most of the aboriginal groups belonged to one of 3 major linguistic groups ([[Arawakan languages|Arawak]], [[Cariban languages|Carib]], and [[Chibchan languages|Chibcha]]) and were part of a patchwork of several cultures and subcultures. These indigenous peoples developed the cultivation of yucca in the lower elevations, corn at middle altitudes, and potatoes in the highlands. They practiced ceramic pottery and other crafts, with important achievements in the working of gold, as the use of "[[tumbaga]]", an alloy of gold and copper that facilitated the work of the artisan.<ref name=global>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name=colombia></ref>
None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, nor a native empire such as that of the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500, the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were the Taironas and the Muiscas.<ref name=global /> Meanwhile, the Incas expanded their [[Inca Empire|empire]] onto the southwest part of the country.<ref></ref>
==Main cultures==
[[File:Parque Arqueológico de San Agustín - tomb of a deity with supporting warriors.jpg|thumb|[[San Agustín Archaeological Park]]]]
[[File:Lost City Ruins.jpg|thumb|[[Ciudad Perdida]] ("The Lost City")]]
[[File:Gold Museum, Bogota (36145671394).jpg|thumb|[[Muisca raft]]. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of [[El Dorado]].]]
The [[San Agustín culture]] inhabited the upper Magdalena region in what is today the [[Huila Department]], in central Colombia. This culture is recognized by its megalithic statues, which were created for religious use.<ref name=colombia />
The [[Tierradentro|Tierradentro culture]] inhabited what is in current times the [[Cauca Department|Department of Cauca]], in southwest Colombia. This culture is recognized by their [[hypogea]].<ref name=colombia />
The Tumaco culture was located in southwest Colombia ([[Nariño Department|Department of Nariño]]), in the border with [[Ecuador]]. It was characterized by their pottery work, which was mainly sculptural.<ref name=colombia />
The Tolima culture inhabited current-day [[Tolima Department]] in central Colombia. It's recognized by their goldsmith and pottery.<ref name=colombia />
In southwestern Colombia (department of Nariño), the [[Nariño culture]] is recognized by their pottery, emphasizing the negative painting or positive bicolor.<ref name=colombia />
In western Colombia (department of [[Valle del Cauca]]), the [[Calima culture]] took advantage of its location in one of the main natural ways of communication between the Pacific Coast and the valley of the Cauca River, which promoted the flourishing of a culture characterized by its goldsmith.<ref name=colombia />
The [[Zenú|Sinú or Zenú culture]] was located in northwest Colombia (departments of [[Sucre Department|Sucre]] and Córdoba) and its recognized by their utilitarian and ritual ceramics and goldsmith in which they combined several techniques.<ref name=colombia /> They also did a system of drainage channels to control floodings.<ref></ref>
The [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]] inhabited regions of the [[Cauca River]] Valley between the [[Cordillera Occidental, Colombia|Western]] and [[Cordillera Central, Colombia|Central]] Ranges of the Colombian Andes (current-day departments of [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]] and [[Quindío Department|Quindío]]). This culture is recognized by their goldsmith, which, among other things, produced [[Poporo|poporos]] (bottles for storing lime used in chewing of coca leaves) of gold.<ref></ref><ref name=global /><ref name=colombia />
The [[Tairona]] inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated mountain range of [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] (current [[Magdalena Department]], northern Colombia). This culture is recognized by their goldsmith, their pottery and their stone constructions in the slopes of the mountains, like [[Ciudad Perdida]] ("The Lost City").<ref></ref><ref name=global /><ref name=colombia />
The [[Muisca]] inhabited mainly the area of what is now [[Bogotá]] and the departments of [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]] and [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]] in central Colombia, where they formed the [[Muisca Confederation]]. They farmed corn, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, [[Colombian emeralds|emeralds]], blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially [[halite|rock salt]] with neighboring nations. Among Muisca goldsmith, is remarkable the fabrication of ''Tunjos'', anthropomorphic figurines used for ritual purposes.<ref name=colombia />
==References==
==External links==
*Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
[[Category:Pre-Columbian era]]
[[Category:History of Colombia]]
https://ift.tt/2F3e1Yt
