新規更新April 22, 2018 at 09:02AM
【外部リンク】
Lista de Divindades Germânicas
SonneHeljarskinn:
[[File:Wodan Heilt Balders Pferd by Emil Doepler.jpg|thumb|A scene from one of the [[Merseburg Incantations]]: gods [[Wōden|Wodan]] and [[Balder]] stand before the goddesses [[Sól (sun)|Sunna]], [[Sinthgunt]], [[Fulla|Volla]], and [[Frigg|Friia]] ([[Emil Doepler]], 1905)]]
In [[Germanic paganism]], the indigenous religion of the ancient [[Germanic peoples]] that inhabited [[Germanic peoples|Germanic Europe]], there were [[polytheism|a number of different gods and goddesses]]. Germanic deities are attested from numerous sources, including works of literature, various chronicles, [[Runic alphabet|runic inscriptions]], personal names, place names, and other sources. This article contains a comprehensive '''list of Germanic deities''' outside the numerous Germanic [[Matres and Matronae]] inscriptions from the 1st to 5th century CE.
==Gods==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; width: 100%"
!Name
!Name meaning
!Attested consorts and sexual partners
!Attested children
!Attestations
|-
|[[Baldr]] ([[Old Norse]]), Bældæg ([[Old English]])
|Old Norse form is contested. Old English form directly translates as "shining day".<ref name=SIMEK26>Simek (2007:26).</ref>
|[[Nanna (Norse deity)|Nanna]]
|[[Forseti]]
|''Merseburg Incantation'', ''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Gesta Danorum'', ''[[Chronicon Lethrense]]'', ''[[Annales Lundenses]]'', possibly ''[[Beowulf]]''
|-
|[[Bragi]] (Old Norse)
|Connected with ''Bragr'' ("poetry")<ref name=SIMEK43>Simek (2007:43).</ref>
|[[Iðunn]]
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry
|-
|[[Dellingr]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "the dayspring"<ref name=BELLOWS75>Bellows (1936:75).</ref> or "shining one"<ref name=ORCHARD32>Orchard (1997:32).</ref>
|[[Nótt]]
|[[Dagr]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Forseti]] (Old Norse)
|"Chairman"<ref name=ORCHARD46>Orchard (1997:46).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Freyr]] (Old Norse), Frea (Old English), [[Yngvi]] (Old Norse), Ing (Old English)
|"Lord"<ref name=ORCHARD47>Orchard (1997:47).</ref>
|[[Freyja]], [[Gerðr]]
|[[Fjölnir]] (''Heimskringla'')
|''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'', ''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Heimskringla'', ''[[Ögmundar þáttr dytts]]'', ''Gesta Danorum'', various others
|-
|[[Heimdallr]] (Old Norse)
|"World-brightener"<ref name=ORCHARD78>Orchard (1997:78).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda'', ''Poetic Edda''
|-
|[[Hermóðr]] (Old Norse), Heremod (Old English)
|"War-spirit"<ref name=ORCHARD83>Orchard (1997:83).</ref>
|''None attested''
|[[Sceaf]] (''Old English'' only)
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Beowulf'', Old English royal genealogies
|-
|[[Höðr]] (Old Norse)
|"Warrior"<ref name=ORCHARD88>Orchard (1997:88).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Gesta Danorum'', ''Chronicon Lethrense'', ''Annales Lundenses'', possibly ''Beowulf''
|-
|[[Hœnir]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry
|-
|[[Lóðurr]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', skaldic poetry
|-
|[[Loki]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|[[Sigyn]], [[Angrboda]]
|[[Narfi (son of Loki)|Nari/Narfi]], [[Váli (son of Loki)|Váli]], [[Fenrir]], [[Hel (being)|Hel]], [[Jormungandr]], and [[Sleipnir]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Heimskringla'', ''[[Loka Táttur]]'', Norwegian [[rune poem]], Danish folk tales
|-
|[[Móði and Magni]] (Old Norse)
|"Courage" and "Strength"
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Máni]] (Old Norse)
|"Moon"
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Mímir]] (Old Norse)
|"Rememberer"
|''None attested''
|Sons, unnamed
|''Poetic Edda, Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Meili]] (Old Norse)
|"the lovely one"<ref name=SIMEK210>Simek (2007:210).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Njörðr]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|Once [[Sister-wife of Njörðr|unnamed sister]], once [[Skaði]]
|Freyr, Freyja
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Heimskringla'', ''Egils saga'', ''Hauksbók'' ring oath, place names
|-
|[[Odin]]: Óðinn (North Germanic), [[Wōden]] (West Germanic), *[[Wōðanaz]] ([[Proto-Germanic]]) (see [[List of names of Odin]] for more)
|"Frenzy"<ref name=ORCHARD123>Orchard (1997:123).</ref>
|[[Frigg]] (consort), [[Skaði]] (''Heimskringla'' only), [[Gunnlöð]], [[Jörð]], [[Rindr]]
|See [[Sons of Odin]]
|Most attestations of Germanic paganism
|-
|[[Óðr]] (Old Norse)
| "The frenzied one"<ref name=ORCHARD121>Orchard (1997:121).</ref>
|[[Freyja]]
|[[Hnoss]], [[Gersemi]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Saxnōt]] ([[Old Saxon]]), Seaxnet, Seaxnēat, Saxnat (Old English)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|Old Saxon Baptismal Vow, Old English royal genealogies
|-
|[[Thor]]: Þórr (North Germanic), Þunor (Old English), Thunaer (Old Saxon), Donar (Southern Germanic areas)
|"[[Thunder]]", all names stem from Proto-Germanic *Þunra<small>R</small><ref name=SIMEK322>Simek (2007:322).</ref>
|[[Sif]] (consort), [[Járnsaxa]]
|[[Móði and Magni]], [[Þrúðr]]
|Most attestations of Germanic paganism
|-
|[[Týr]] (Old Norse), Tīw, Tīg (both Old English), Ziu (Old High German)
|"God", derived from Proto-Germanic ''[[Dyeus|*Tīwaz]]''<ref name=SIMEK337>Simek (2007:337).</ref>
|Unnamed, possibly [[Zisa (goddess)|Zisa]]
|''Seaxnot''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry, [[Hadrian's Wall]] altar
|-
|[[Ullr]] (Old Norse)
|Something like "Glory"<ref name=LINDOW301>Lindow (2001:301).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry, ''Gesta Danorum'', [[Thorsberg chape]], toponyms in Norway and Sweden
|-
|[[Váli]] (Old Norse)
|"Chosen"
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Gesta Danorum'' (as Bous)
|-
|[[Viðarr]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "wide ruler"<ref name=ORCHARD174-175>Orchard (1997:174—175).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Vili and Vé|Vé]] (Old Norse)
|[[Vé (shrine)|Vé]]<ref name=ORCHARD173>Orchard (1997:173).</ref>
|Possibly Frigg
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Vili and Vé|Vili]] (Old Norse)
|"[[Will (philosophy)|Will]]"<ref name=SIMEK363>Simek (2007:363).</ref>
|Possibly Frigg
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|}
==Goddesses==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; width: 100%"
!Name
!Name meaning
!Attested consorts and sexual partners
!Attested children
!Attestations
|-
|[[Baduhenna]] (Latinized Germanic)
|''Badu-'', may be cognate to [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*badwa-'' meaning "battle." The second portion of the name ''-henna'' may be related to ''-henae'', which appears commonly in the names of [[matrons]].<ref name=SIMEK26>Simek (2007:26).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|[[Annals (Tacitus)|Tacitus' ''Annals'']]
|-
|[[Hjúki and Bil|Bil]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Beyla]] (Old Norse)
|Proposed as related to "cow," "bean," or "bee."<ref name=LINDOW78>Lindow (2001:78).</ref>
|[[Byggvir]]
|''None attested''
|''[[Poetic Edda]]''
|-
|[[Eir]] (Old Norse)
|"Peace, clemency"<ref name=LINDOW105>Lindow (2001:105).</ref> or "help, mercy"<ref name=ORCHARD36>Orchard (1997:36).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Ēostre]] (Old English)
|"East"<ref name=BARNHART348>Barnhart (1995:229).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''[[De temporum ratione]]''
|-
|[[Freyja]] (Old Norse) (See [[List of names of Freyja]] for more)
|"Lady"<ref name=LINDOW126>Lindow (2001:126)</ref>
|[[Freyr]], [[Óðr]]
|[[Hnoss]], [[Gersemi]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''[[Heimskringla]]'', ''[[Sörla þáttr]]''
|-
|[[Frigg]] (Old Norse)
|Derived from an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] root meaning "Love"<ref name=LINDOW129>Lindow (2001:129).</ref>
|[[Odin]] (consort), [[Vili and Vé|Vili]], [[Vili and Vé|Vé]]
|[[Baldr]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''[[Gesta Danorum]]'', ''[[Historia Langobardorum]]'', Second Merseburg Incantation
|-
|[[Fulla]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "bountiful"<ref name=ORCHARD49>Orchard (1997:49).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|[[Merseburg Incantations|Second Merseburg Incantation]], ''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Gefjun]] (Old Norse)
|Related to "giving"<ref name=NORTH71>North (1997:71).</ref>
|[[Skjöldr]], unnamed [[jötunn]]
|Four [[ox]]en
|''Prose Edda'', ''Ynglinga saga'', ''[[Völsa þáttr]]'',
|-
|[[Gersemi]] (Old Norse)
|"Treasure, precious object"<ref name=SIMEK106>Simek (2007:106).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Heimskringla''
|-
|[[Gerðr]] (Old Norse)
|"Fenced in"<ref name=ORCHARD54>Orchard (1997:54).</ref>
|[[Freyr]]
|[[Fjölnir]] (''Heimskringla'')
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Heimskringla''
|-
|[[Gná]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly related to Old Norse ''Gnæfa'', meaning "to project"<ref name=LINDOW147>Lindow (2001:147).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Gullveig]] (Old Norse)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda''
|-
|[[Hariasa]]
|Possibly related to the valkyrie name ''[[Herja]]'' or meaning "goddess with lots of hair"<ref name=SIMEK131>Simek (2007:131).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|Stone from [[Cologne]], Germany ([[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] XIII 8185)
|-
|[[Hlín]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly related to the Old Norse term ''hleinir'', itself possibly meaning "protects"<ref name=LINDOW177>Lindow (2001:177).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Hnoss]] (Old Norse)
|"Treasure"<ref name=LINDOW177 />
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Hretha]] (Old English)
|Possibly "the famous" or "the victorious"<ref name=SIMEK19>Simek (2007:159).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''De temporum ratione''
|-
|[[Ilmr]] (Old Norse)
|Potentially related to Old Norse ''ilmr'', a masculine noun meaning "pleasant scent"<ref name=GRIMM1374>Grimm (1888:1374).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda'', ''skaldic poetry''
|-
|[[Iðunn]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "ever young"<ref name=LINDOW198-199>Lindow (2001:199).</ref>
|[[Bragi]]
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa|Irpa]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly relating to "dark brown"<ref name=SIMEK176>Simek (2007:176).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''[[Jómsvíkinga saga]]'', ''[[Njáls saga]]''
|-
|[[Lofn]] (Old Norse)
|Potentially related to "Praise"<ref name=LINDOW213>Lindow (2001:213).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Nanna (Norse deity)|Nanna]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "mother" from ''nanna'', or potentially related to ''nanþ-'', meaning "the daring one"<ref name=SIMEK227>Simek (2007:227).</ref>
|[[Baldr]]
|[[Forseti]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''[[Gesta Danorum]]'', ''[[Chronicon Lethrense]]'', [[Setre Comb]]
|-
|[[Nerthus]] (Latinized Germanic, from Proto-Germanic ''*Nerthuz'')
|[[Latin]]ized form of what Old Norse ''Njörðr'' would have looked like around 1 CE.<ref name=LINDOW237-238>Lindow (2001:237–238)</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''[[Germania]]''
|-
|[[Njörun]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly related to the Norse god [[Njörðr]] and the Roman goddess [[Nerio]]<ref>Finnur Jónsson (1913:110) suggests a Njörðr connection, Magnússon (1989:671) suggests Njörðr and Nerio.</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry
|-
|[[Rán]] (Old Norse)
|"Theft, robbery"<ref name=SIMEK260>Simek (2007:260).</ref>
|[[Ægir]]
|[[Daughters of Ægir|Nine daughters]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''[[Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna]]''
|-
|[[Rindr]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly related to ''*Vrindr''<ref name=SIMEK266>Simek (2007:266).</ref>
|Odin
|[[Váli (son of Odin)|Váli]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''[[Gesta Danorum]]''
|-
|[[Sága and Sökkvabekkr|Sága]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "to see"<ref name=LINDOW265>Lindow (2001:265).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', skaldic poetry
|-
|[[Sandraudiga]] (Latinized Germanic)
|"She who dyes the sand red."<ref name=NORD665>''Nordisk Familjebok'' (1916:665).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|North Brabant stone
|-
|[[Sif]] (Old Norse)
|"In-law-relationship"<ref name=LINDOW266>Lindow (2001:266).</ref>
|[[Thor]]
|[[Þrúðr]], [[Ullr]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Sigyn]] (Old Norse)
|"Victorious girl-friend"<ref name=ORCHARD146>Orchard (1997:146).</ref>
|[[Loki]]
|[[Narfi (son of Loki)|Nari, Narfi]] and/or [[Váli (son of Loki)|Váli]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Sinthgunt]] (Old High German)
|''Contested''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|Second Merseburg Incantation
|-
|[[Sjöfn]] (Old Norse)
|"Love"<ref name=LINDOW268>Lindow (2001:268).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Skaði]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly related to ''[[Scandia]]''.<ref name=SIMEK287>Simek (2007:287).</ref>
|[[Ullr]], [[Odin]], once [[Njörðr]].
|[[Sæmingr]]
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', ''Ynglinga saga''
|-
|[[Snotra]] (Old Norse)
|"The clever one"<ref name=SIMEK296>Simek (2007:296).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Sól (Sun)|Sól]] (Old Norse), [[Sól (Sun)|Sunna]] (Old High German)
|"Sun"<ref name=ORCHARD152>Orchard (1997:152).</ref>
|[[Glenr]]
|
|Second Merseburg Incantation, ''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Syn (goddess)|Syn]] (Old Norse)
|"Refusal"<ref name=ORCHARD157>Orchard (1997:157).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Tanfana]] (Latinized Germanic)
|''Unknown''
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Germania'', ''Tamfanae sacrum'' inscription
|-
|[[Þrúðr]] (Old Norse)
|"Power"<ref name=ORCHARD165>Orchard (1997:165).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda'', [[Karlevi Runestone]]
|-
|[[Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa|Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr]] (Old Norse)
|Literally "Þorgerðr Hölgi's Bride"<ref name=SIMEK326-327>Simek (2007:326–327).</ref>
|''None attested''
|Hölgi, possibly others
|''Jómsvíkinga saga'', ''Njáls saga'', ''Skáldskaparmál'', ''[[Færeyinga saga]]''
|-
|[[Vár]] (Old Norse)
|"Beloved"<ref name=SIMEK353>Simek (2007:353).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Poetic Edda'', ''Prose Edda''
|-
|[[Vör]] (Old Norse)
|Possibly "the careful one"<ref name=SIMEK368>Simek (2007:368).</ref>
|''None attested''
|''None attested''
|''Prose Edda' 'Poetic Edda Thrymsvitha'
|-
|[[Zisa (goddess)|Zisa]]
|Possibly related to ''*Tiwaz''
|''None attested''
|Possibly [[Tyr]] via linguistic connection
|''Codex Monac'', ''Codex Emmeran'', and ''Suevicarum rerum scriptores''
|-
|}
==See also==
* [[Astrild]], a synonym for the Roman deity [[Eros|Amor]] or [[Cupid]] invented and used by Nordic Baroque and Rococo authors
* [[Jofur]], a synonym for the Roman deity [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] invented and used by Nordic Baroque and Rococo authors
==Notes==
==References==
* Bellows, Henry Adams (Trans.) (1936). ''The Poetic Edda''. [[Princeton University Press]].
* [[Robert Barnhart|Barnhart, Robert K]] (1995). ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology''. [[Harper Collins]]
* [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]] (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1888). ''Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix by James Stallybrass''. Volume IV. London: George Bell and Sons.
* [[John Lindow|Lindow, John]] (2001). ''Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs''. [[Oxford University Press]].
* ''[[Nordisk Familjebok]]'' (1916). Available online: [http://runeberg.org/nf/]
* North, Richard (1997). ''Heathen Gods in Old English Literature''. [[Cambridge University Press]]
* Orchard, Andy (1997). ''Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend''. [[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]].
* Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology''. [[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]].
[[Category:Germanic paganism and mythology lists]]
[[Category:Germanic deities]]
[[Category:Lists of deities|Germanic deities and heroes]]
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