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Nikolskoe Cemetery
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[[File:Tserkvy SPb 02 2012 4422.jpg|thumb|right|Monuments of the Nikolskoe Cemetery and the Church of St. Nicholas.]]
'''Nikolskoe Cemetery''' () is a historic cemetery in the centre of [[Saint Petersburg]]. It is part of the [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]], and is one of four cemeteries in the complex.
The third cemetery to be established in the monastery complex, the Nikolskoe Cemetery opened in 1863, and rapidly became a popular and exclusive burial site for the elite of Saint Petersburg society. It was carefully arranged and landscaped, with its cemetery church opening in 1871. Taking its name from this church, the Church of St. Nicholas, the cemetery functioned also a burial ground for the clergy and monks of the monastery. The wealthy and important of the city commissioned large and elaborate memorials during the later years of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
The cemetery fell into disrepair during the [[Soviet period]]. Unlike other cemeteries in the Lavra, it was not considered to have any particular historical or artistic value. The church was closed and repurposed, burials ceased, and some memorials of more significant figures were moved to other cemeteries, while others were lost or deliberately destroyed. Restoration work began in the 1970s, returning the site to its park-like form. A [[columbarium]] was built, the cemetery church reopened, and work to repair and refurbish the monuments began. Burials recommenced in the late 1970s, and now the cemetery includes prominent figures of Soviet and post-Soviet society, as well as those of the era of [[Imperial Russia]].
==Establishment and early history==
[[File:План Никольского кладбища, 1914.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the cemetery in 1914, showing the regular layout of plots]]
The cemetery was opened in 1863, to the east of the , the main church of the monastery.<ref name="Lavra"></ref> It was the third cemetery in the complex, after the original [[Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)|Lazarevskoe Cemetery]] in the 1710s, and the [[Tikhvin Cemetery]] in 1823.<ref name="Lavra"/> It was constructed on a space originally planned for a garden at the main entrance to the monastery, but that instead had become used for roads and palisades.<ref name="NK"/> It was first called the Zasobornym Cemetery(), but became known as the Nikolskoe after the construction of the Church of St. Nicholas between 1868 and 1871 to the design of diocesan architect Grigory Karpov.<ref name="Lavra"/><ref name="NK"/> The church was funded by the wealthy merchant N. I. Rusanov, who established his family tomb on the ground floor.<ref name="TR">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> The Spiritual Council noted that "the Lavra cemetery is not open to everyone, as are the city cemeteries, but only a few persons from the government service and persons with honorary titles are buried here."<ref name="NK"/> Part of the cemetery also served as the burial site for the Monastery's monks and the [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitans]] of Saint Petersburg, leading to the name Bratskoe (), or "Brotherhood" section.<ref name="CW"/>
[[File:Никольское кладбище Александро-Невской Лавры.jpg|thumb|left|The pond and details of the cemetery landscaping]]
It became a prestigious burial location, and careful attention was taken in the planning and layout, which was more regular than the early cemeteries, and included a pond in the northern part. A path leads from the main entrance of the cemetery church across a bridge and aligned with the apse of the Trinity Cathedral, forming a longitudinal axis. Paths then diverge in a grid pattern to the sides, running between the and the southern boundary of the monastery. New burial plots were placed in the south and in the eastern parts of the cemetery, maintaining the grid pattern.<ref name="CW">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Wealthy patrons commissioned large chapels and crypts, with elaborate decorations and reliefs from prominent artists such as , , and .<ref name="Lavra"/> Plans in 1896 to build a larger cemetery church in the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] by architect L. P. Andreyev came to nothing, as did a similar project in 1908, despite a donation of 10 thousand rubles by the ruling metropolitan.<ref name="TR"/>
==Soviet period and later use==
[[File:Nikolay Koksharov grave.JPG|thumb|right|Late-nineteenth century memorials, the grave of [[Nikolay Koksharov]], who died in 1893]]
The Nikolskoe Cemetery, unlike the Lazarevskoe and Tikhvin cemeteries, was not designated as a museum during the Soviet period, as it was not considered to have any particular artistic or historical value. It was closed in 1927 and sporadic efforts were made during the 1930s and 1940s to eliminate the cemetery, and the graves of several prominent figures were transferred to the Lazarevskoe, Tikhvin and [[Volkovo Cemetery|Volkovo cemeteries]]; including [[Vera Komissarzhevskaya]], [[Ivan Goncharov]], [[Anton Rubinstein]] and [[Boris Kustodiev]].<ref name="Lavra"/><ref name="NK">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Other graves were lost or destroyed.<ref name="CW"/> The Church of St Nicholas was closed on 10 December 1932, and it was planned to turn it into a [[crematorium]].<ref name="TR"/> A furnace for burning bodies was tested in 1934, but ultimately the plan was abandoned and instead the church became a warehouse and workshop.<ref name="NK"/> A 1940 survey by the identified some two hundred gravestones worthy of preservation.<ref name="CW"/>
Severely neglected by the 1970s, plans were drawn up to restore the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The Nikolskoe Cemetery was restored and landscaped, with a [[columbarium]] built between 1979 and 1980.<ref name="CW"/> The cemetery church was repaired and re-consecrated on 22 April 1985.<ref name="Lavra"/><ref name="TR"/> The size of the cemetery was somewhat reduced with the construction of an overpass for the [[Alexander Nevsky Bridge]] through the western part of the cemetery.<ref name="CW"/> Burials resumed in the late 1970s, and since 1989 a comprehensive restoration of monuments has been underway.<ref name="Lavra"/><ref name="CW"/>
==Burials==
The cemetery contains a wide selection of Saint Petersburg society from the late nineteen and early twentieth centuries. Buried here are the singers [[Antonina Abarinova]], [[Natalia Iretskaya]], and [[Anastasia Vyaltseva]]; playwright [[Dmitry Averkiyev]]; literary figures [[Fyodor Batyushkov]], [[Evgeny Feoktistov]], [[Aleksandra Ishimova]], [[Alexandra Jacobi]], [[Evgeny Karnovich]], [[Fyodor Koni]], [[Nestor Kotlyarevsky]], [[Mirra Lokhvitskaya]], [[Boleslav Markevich]], [[Mikhail Rosenheim]], [[Sergey Shubinsky]], [[Aleksey Suvorin]], and [[Lydia Zinovieva-Annibal]]; artists [[Nikolay Karazin]], [[Konstantin Makovsky]], and [[Mikhail Mikeshin]]; composers [[Nicolai Soloviev]] and [[Feofil Tolstoy]]; architects [[Nikolai Chagin]] and [[Vasily Kenel]]; dancer [[Askold Makarov]]; actor [[Nikolai Sazonov]]; and director of the [[Imperial Theatres]] [[Ivan Vsevolozhsky]].<ref name="spr"></ref>
[[File:Надгробие Анатолия Собчака.jpg|thumb|right|The grave of [[Anatoly Sobchak]], Saint Petersburg's first democratically elected [[Governor of Saint Petersburg|mayor]]]]
Important statesmen and politicians of Imperial Russia buried in the cemetery include [[Fyodor Kokoshkin (politician)|Fyodor Kokoshkin]], [[Aleksandr Nelidov]], and [[Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy|Ivan Tolstoy]]; while military leaders include generals [[Dmitry Bagration]], [[Sergei Konstantinovich Gershelman|Sergei Gershelman]], [[Grigory Golitsyn]], [[Roman Kondratenko]], [[Nikolai Linevich]], [[Nikolai Obruchev]], [[Alexei Polivanov]], [[Erast Tsytovich]], and [[Pyotr Vannovsky]]; and admirals [[Aleksei Birilev]], [[Grigory Butakov]], and [[Ivan Grigorovich]].<ref name="spr"/> Several scientists have been buried here, among whom were [[Boris Borisovich Golitsyn|Boris Golitsyn]], [[Nikolay Koksharov]], [[Maksim Kovalevsky]], and [[Volodymyr Pidvysotskyi]]; as well as the academics [[Lev Gumilyov]], [[Mikhail Koyalovich]], [[Aleksandr Lopukhin]], [[Mikhail Sado]], and [[Boris Turayev]].<ref name="spr"/> Interments in the post-Soviet period include sports figures [[Viacheslav Platonov]] and [[Yury Tyukalov]]; political figures [[Dmitry Nikolayevich Filippov|Dmitry Filippov]], [[Anatoly Sobchak]], and [[Galina Starovoytova]]; Soviet-era military pilots [[Aleksey Mazurenko]], [[Vasily Minakov]] and [[Nikolay Ivanovich Rodin|Nikolay Rodin]]; and General [[Mikhail Malofeyev]].<ref name="spr"/> Early Russian aviation pioneers [[Vsevolod Abramovich]] and [[Lydia Zvereva]] were also buried in the cemetery.<ref name="spr"/> Also buried here is [[Fyodor Uglov]], who died at the age of 103, having been listed by the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the oldest practising surgeon in the world.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==References==
[[Category:Cemeteries in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox cemeteries]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Religion in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Burials at Nikolskoe Cemetery|*]]
http://bit.ly/2DBNNwj
