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List of discoveries in paleoanthropology
Diametakomisi: made after Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of discoveries by disciplines
'''List of discoveries in paleoanthropology''' is a chronological list of paleoanthropological [[discoveries]]
===19th century===
*1829,<ref name=p2 /> 2 scull-caps of<ref name=p3 /> ''[[homo neanderthalensis]]''<ref name=p4>Fran Dorey (2-4-2019) — [https://ift.tt/2RqJvhc Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals], [[Australian Museum]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref> (with associated fauna), within a cave<ref name=p3 /> designated Awir II<ref name=p5 /> of [[Engis]], Belgium<ref name=p3>M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006; page 3, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> – Philippe-Charles<ref name=p1 /> [[Philippe-Charles Schmerling|Schmerling]]<ref name=p2>[https://ift.tt/368FFhU The Neandertal Genome], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref>
*1833,<ref>Timothy Murray (2007) – [https://ift.tt/30zFUA0 Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia], [https://ift.tt/30aWlGX xxviii], ABC-CLIO, ,, Retrieved 2019-07-02</ref> bones of<ref name=p1 />''homo neanderthalensis'',<ref>Fran Dorey (2-4-2019) —[https://ift.tt/2RqJvhc Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals], [[Australian Museum]], par "..human skull.." in, M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006; page 3: "..The first excavation Schmerling conducted, in the winter of 1829–1830, led to the discovery of two human skull caps..." accessed 2019-12-25</ref> within caves<ref name=p1 /> located in a [[Dinantian]] lime-stone cliff<ref name=p3 /> close to [[Liège]] – Schmerling<ref name=p1>[[Colin Renfrew]], [[Paul Bahn]] (5 September 2013) – [https://ift.tt/30HAEKL Archaeology: The Key Concepts], [https://ift.tt/30hKXZS p.9], Routledge, , Retrieved 2019-07-02</ref>
*1848,<ref name=p2 /> sometime before 3rd of<ref name=p7>Bernard Wood – [https://ift.tt/375mUgI Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution], [https://ift.tt/2G3rnVo page is accessed via criteria "dating of Gibraltar 1 Forbes" (no page number shown)], John Wiley & Sons, 31 March 2011, , , accessed 2019-12-25</ref> March, first skull of<ref name=p5>A Menez 2018 – [https://ift.tt/2sDF8Hl The Gibraltar Skull: early history, 1848–1868], Archives of natural history 45.1 (2018): 92–110, [[Edinburgh University Press]], DOI: 10.3366/anh.2018.0485, https://ift.tt/2tmro4d & https://www.google.com/, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p4 /> found<ref name=p5 /> (a female<ref>Lisa Hendry – [https://ift.tt/2sDF9en Human Evolution First adult Neanderthal skull], published by the [[Natural History Museum]] of the United Kingdom of Britain December 17, 2015, accessed 2019-12-25</ref>) within [[Forbes' Quarry|Forbes Quarry]]<ref name=p6>[https://ift.tt/366iXHp Famous anthropology finds], [[Arizona State University]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref> Gibralter<ref name=p5 /> – ((military prisoner(s)<ref name=p7 />) [[Edmund Flint|Edmund Henry Réné Flint]]<ref name=p5 />
*1856<ref name=p2 /> August,<ref name=p8 /> a calotte and 15 [[post-cranial]] bones of<ref>Frederick H. Smith, in, Sanz, Nuria – [https://ift.tt/2sDF9uT Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia], [https://ift.tt/2v2nE8l p.206], published by [[UNESCO Publishing]] 7 September 2015, , accessed 2019-12-25</ref> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p4 /> from within a [[Feldhofer cave]]<ref name=p8>Ralf W. Schmitz, David Serre, Georges Bonani, Susanne Feine, Felix Hillgruber, Heike Krainitzki, Svante Pääbo, and Frederick H. Smith – [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w The Neandertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany], PNAS October 1, 2002 99 (20) 13342-13347; https://ift.tt/2G6B9WA, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> on the south valley walls of the<ref>Bongard JH (1835) – Wanderung zur Neandershöhle: Eine topographische Skizze der Gegend von Erkrath an der Düssel (Arnz, Düsseldorf, Germany), in, [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w Schmitz, Serre, Bonani, Feine ''et alia''], PNAS 2002, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> [[Neandertal (valley)|Neander valley]]<ref name=p2 /><ref>Katerina Harvati – [https://ift.tt/38oa25t Neanderthals], Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, published by Evolution: Education and Outreach September 2010 (23 July 2010), Volume 3, Issue 3, pp 367–376, accessed 2019-12-25</ref><ref>"...known by about 1850 as the Neander Valley (Neandertal) in honor of [[Joachim Neander]] (1650–1680)..." Schmitz RW, Thissen J (2000) – Neandertal: Die Geschichte geht weiter (Spektrum, Heidelberg), in, [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w Schmitz, Serre, Bonani, Feine ''et alia''], PNAS 2002, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> of western Germany<ref name=p8 /> – individuals working to remove limestone from the cave, Wilhelm Beckershoff (one of two founders of the Actiengesellschaft für Marmorindustrie Neanderthal) supervising the quarrying<ref name=p8 />
*1866, mandible of<ref name=p3 /> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p3 /><ref name=p4 /> [[La Naulette]], Lesse valley – [[Édouard Dupont]]<ref name=p3 />
*1886, June, July, skeletal remains of ''neanderthalensis'' found in the opening of the Betche aux Rotches (westerly of [[Namur]]) – Max Lohest (a geologist) Marcel De Puydt (an archaeologist), Julien Fraipont (a palaeontologist)<ref>Fraipont J, Lohest M 1887 – La race humaine de Néanderthalou de Canstadt en Belgique. Recherches ethnographiques sur desossements humains découverts dans les dépôts quaternaires d'unegrotte à Spy et détermination de leur âge géologique. Archives deBiologie 7: Gand, 587–757, 4 pl. h.t, in, M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006, accessed 2019-12-25</ref>
*1891, August, October,<ref>Dean Falk — [https://ift.tt/2TIpNjA The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution], [https://ift.tt/3652XFx p.188], [[University of California Press]] 3 October 2011, , , accessed 2019-12-26</ref> a [[3rd molar|molar (3rd)]] (August), and skullcap of ''[[homo erectus]]''<ref name=p12>John de Vos – [https://ift.tt/2sD4S6H The Dubois collection: a new look at an old collection] pp.1,5,6 [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] & Winkler Prins & Donovan. Proc. VII International Symposium 'Cultural Heritage in Geosciences, ''[[Scripta Geologica]]'', Spec. Issue 4 (2004), p.1 (267): "..''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' (now ''Homo'') ''erectus''...", p.6 (272) ".."[https://ift.tt/2NDfs4C Pithecanthropus erectus, eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus Java]"..., accessed 2019-12-26</ref> found in [[Trinil]], Java – [[Eugene Dubois]]<ref>Fran Dorey – [https://ift.tt/367LXi3 A timeline of fossil discoveries], published by the [[Australian Museum]] 23-12-2019, accessed 2019-12-26</ref>
*1892, August, left femur of ''homo erectus'' (classified by Dubois (1894) as ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' (via [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1868)), Trinil, Java, – Eugene Dubois<ref name=p12 />
===20th ===
*1932, ''[[homo helmei]]'' ([[Florisbad]]) — [[Thomas Frederik Dryer]] (approximately 45 km north of [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa)<ref>Josh Kalich (2017, July 21) — [https://ift.tt/30HENhM Homo Helmei], [[Michagen State University]], Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1967, ''[[homo sapiens]]'', [[Omo I|Omo 1]], [[Omo II|Omo 2]] — [[Richard Leakey]] (near [[Omo River]], [[Ethiopia]])<ref>Michael Hopkin — [https://ift.tt/30jJEJN Radioactive dating finds that fossil skulls are 195,000 years old] 2005, 16 February (online) [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] doi:10.1038/news050214-10 (photograph: Michael Day), (John Fleagle, [[Stony Brook University, New York]]; Ian McDougall of the [[Australian National University]]: dating analysis post 1967), (Christopher Stringer [[Natural History Museum]], London), ''erroneously dated via associated shells of molluscs to an approximate of 130,000 years of age'' c.f. 2005, accessed 2019-09-12</ref>
*1967–68, fragments of hominid (caves of the south coast of South Africa) — J. Wymer & R. Singer ([[Klasies River Mouth]])<ref>Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ian Tattersall — [https://ift.tt/30HEOlQ The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia)],
[https://ift.tt/30cDLy9 p.117], John Wiley & Sons, 11 March 2005, , , Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1974, [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]] (Dinknesh) — [[Donald Johanson]] & Thomas Gray<ref>Rachael Larimore (Nov 24, 2015) — [https://ift.tt/30FVcmH "41st anniversary"] [[Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science]] Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref><ref>Elissa Jobson — [https://ift.tt/30cDPxT 5349], The Africa Report, 10 September 2013, Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref><ref>[https://ift.tt/30HES54 The man who found Lucy] [[University of Illinois]] Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref>
*1976, [[L.H. 18]] ([[Ngaloba Beds]]) — Day, [[Mary Leakey|Leakey]], Magori ([[Laetoli]], northern Tanzania)<ref>Day MH, Leakey MD, Magori C — [https://ift.tt/30cDSd3 A new hominid fossil skull (L.H. 18) from the Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli, northern Tanzania], ''Nature'' 1980 March 6;284(5751):55-6, Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1978, crania-1 from [[Apidima Cave|Apidema]], [[Mani Peninsula|Mesa Mani]]<ref name="Th & J">Δρ. Θ.Κ. Πίτσιος, Ι. Δαμιγος (Pitsios & Damigos) — [https://ift.tt/30hKYgo Ο καθαρισμός απολιθωμέvου κπαvίου Παλαιοαvθρώπου από το Απήδημα της μέσα Μάvης], Αρχική σελίδα – Αρχαιολογία Online, located using criteria: [https://ift.tt/30zGo9i "discovery of Apidema cranium 1 and 2 1978"], Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref><ref>Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson1, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) – [https://ift.tt/30CcEZv Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia], [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] Volume 571, sourced using Ashley Strickland (July 10, 2019) [https://ift.tt/30gzedY 210,000-year-old human skull in Greece is the oldest found outside Africa]; Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref>
*1980, crania-2 from Apidema, Mesa Mani<ref name="Th & J" />
*1984, August 22, a close to complete skeleton of ''[[homo ergaster]]'' (approximately of 1.5 million years ago) — [[Kamoya Kimeu]]<ref>[[Richard Dawkins]], [[Yan Wong]] — [https://ift.tt/2RvKfl3 The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution], [https://ift.tt/2TDf3mW p.71], [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] 2005, , , (source shows "Kimoya", c.f. Broderick) retrieved 2019-09-28, &, Carol Broderick (2018, April 13) — [https://ift.tt/37bgDQI Fossil Finders: Kamoya Kimeu], [[Leakey Foundation]], (image:David L. Brill 1985) (source shows "Kamoya") retrieved 2019-09-29</ref>
===21st===
*2003, ''homo sapiens'' (Bouri Formation) dated to within approximately 160,000 and 154,000 years ago — Clark, Beyene, WoldeGabriel, Hart, Renne, Gilbert, Defleur, Suwa, Katoh, Ludwig, Boisserie, Asfaw, White ([[Afar Rift]], Ethiopia)<ref>Clark JD, Beyene Y, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Renne PR, Gilbert H, Defleur A, Suwa G, Katoh S, Ludwig KR, Boisserie JR, Asfaw B, White TD — [https://ift.tt/30JxgPo Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia], ''Nature'' 2003 June 12;423(6941):747-52, Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*2005, [[Argon–argon dating|method-argon]] re-dating for [[Omo I|Omo 1]], [[Omo II|Omo 2]] (40Ar/39Ar; of feldspar crystals, from pumice clasts within tuffs below and above the level where the fossils were found indicate the age of the fossils is closer to the median within the range 184,000 to 202,000 years of age (for crystals below the fossils)), is dated to an age of 190,000 to 200, 000 years of age, indicating the two finds are the most old (for finds dated by reliable methods) yet discovered for ''homo sapiens'' — McDougall, Brown, Fleagle<ref name="2 sole, mere">Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle [https://ift.tt/30cDTO9 Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia], Nature volume 433, pages 733–736 (2005), "...earliest '''well-dated''' anatomically modern humans...", accessed 2019-09-12</ref>
*2008,<ref name="RMTF" /> method-[[radiocarbon|radiocarbon-dating]] techniques<ref name="RMTF" /><ref>Thomas Higham (Leach, Humm, Tomkins, Bowles) ''et al.'' — [https://ift.tt/30zGu0E Dating of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in western Europe using ultrafiltration AMS radiocarbon], University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Retrieved 2019-07-17</ref> dating of [[List of discoveries#19th 2|Buckland 1823]] generates an age of approximately 31,000 to 32,000 B.C.<ref name="oumnh" /> (the Mid-[[Upper Paleolithic]]<ref name="RMTF">Jacobi RM, Higham TF (2008 Oct 17) — [https://ift.tt/30cDVpf The "Red Lady" ages gracefully: new ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland], [[Journal of Human Evolution]] 2008 Nov;55(5):898–907. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.007. Epub 2008 Oct 17, Retrieved 2019-07-17</ref><ref name="oumnh" />)
*2015, ''[[homo naledi]]'' — [[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee R Berger]]<ref>[[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee R Berger]], John Hawks, Darryl J de Ruiter, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid, Lucas K Delezene, Tracy L Kivell, Heather M Garvin, Scott A Williams — [https://ift.tt/2hEmVjn Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa] eLife Sep 10 2015, Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref>
*2017, June (published), a crania of a ''homo sapiens'' of sometime within the range of 281,000 to 349,000 years of age (ageing was achieved by method-[[thermoluminescence]]), of an individual alive during the [[Middle Stone Age]] of Africa, places the origination of the [[evolution]] of the ''[[homo]]'' variation ''[[Homo sapiens|sapiens]]'' to sometime within an approximate range of 81,000 to 149,000 thousand years prior to the previously determined time of evolution — [[JJ Hublin|Hublin]], Ben-Ncer, Bailey, Freidline, Neubauer, Skinner, Bergmann, Le Cabec, Benazzi, Harvati, Gunz ([[Jebel Irhoud]], Morocco)<ref>Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, Le Cabec A, Benazzi S, Harvati K, Gunz P (2017, June 7) — [https://ift.tt/30fJd31 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens], ''[[Nature (Journal)|Nature]]'' 2017 June 7;546(7657):289–292. doi: 10.1038/nature22336, &, ([[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]]), in, Ewen Callaway (2017, 07 June; Corrected: 08 June 2017) — [https://ift.tt/2sFmOc3 Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history], ''Nature'', [Callaway: "...'''...indicates H. sapiens appeared more than 100,000 years earlier than thought''': most researchers have placed the origins of our species in East Africa about 200,000 years ago..." '''c.f.''' Hublin ''et al.'': "...315 ± 34 thousand years..." ], Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref>
*2018, January 26 (published), a [[maxilla|hemimaxilla]]<ref name="Hershkovitz AAAS">Hershkovitz I ''et al'' — [https://ift.tt/30HT6me The earliest modern humans outside Africa], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] 26 Jan 2018: Volume 359, Issue 6374, pp. 456–459 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8369, Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref> containing [[Dentition#Dentition use in archaeology|dentes]], of a ''[[homo sapiens]]'' alive between approximately 175,000 to 192,000 years B.C, [[Misliya Cave]], Israel, at the time the most anciently existing ''homo sapiens'' externally to Africa – Hershkovitz, Weber, Quam, Duval, Grün, Kinsley, Ayalon, Bar-Matthews, Valladas, Mercier, Arsuaga, Martinón-Torres, Bermúdez de Castro, Fornai, Martín-Francés, Sarig, May, Krenn, Slon, Rodríguez, García, Lorenzo, Carretero, Frumkin, Shahack-Gross, Bar-Yosef Mayer, Cui, Wu, Peled, Groman-Yaroslavski, Weissbrod, Yeshurun, Tsatskin, Zaidner, Weinstein-Evron<ref name="I,GW,R,M,R,L,A,M,H,N,JL,M,JM,C,L,R,H,VA,V,L,R,C,JM,A, R, DE, Y, X, N, I, L, R, A, Y, M">Hershkovitz I, Weber GW, Quam R, Duval M, Grün R, Kinsley L, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Valladas H, Mercier N, Arsuaga JL, Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Fornai C, Martín-Francés L, Sarig R, May H, Krenn VA, Slon V, Rodríguez L, García R, Lorenzo C, Carretero JM, Frumkin A, Shahack-Gross R, Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Cui Y, Wu X, Peled N, Groman-Yaroslavski I, Weissbrod L, Yeshurun R, Tsatskin A, Zaidner Y, Weinstein-Evron M (26 January 2018) — [https://ift.tt/30sAzP7 The earliest modern humans outside Africa], Science. 2018 Jan 26;359(6374):456–459. doi: 10.1126/science.aap8369, , Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref>
*2019, June, two milk teeth, at the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site]] (2001), [[Siberia]] – Willerslev<ref>Martin Sikora et al. (05 Jun 2019) — 'The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.' Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z [https://ift.tt/30HEkfw DNA from 31,000-year-old milk teeth leads to discovery of new group of ancient Siberians] Retrieved 2019-06-20</ref>
*2019, July 25, U-series [[radiometric]] dating of ''homo sapiens'' crania [[Apidima Cave|Apidema-1]], discovered within Greece (1978), finds the crania is from a time of approximately 208,000 B.C.<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M">Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) – [https://ift.tt/30CcEZv Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia], [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] Volume 571, Retrieved 2019-09-07</ref> belonging to the more recent era of the [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle Pleistocene period]]<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M" /><ref>[https://ift.tt/30hGC8U Notice "O katharismós apolithoménou kraniou palaionthropou apó to Apédema tes Mánes"], [[International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property]] Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref> – Harvati, Röding, Bosman, Karakostis, Grün, Stringer, Karkanas, Thompson, Koutoulidis, Moulopoulos, Gorgoulis, Kouloukoussa<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M" />
==Sources==
===19th century===
*1829,<ref name=p2 /> 2 scull-caps of<ref name=p3 /> ''[[homo neanderthalensis]]''<ref name=p4>Fran Dorey (2-4-2019) — [https://ift.tt/2RqJvhc Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals], [[Australian Museum]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref> (with associated fauna), within a cave<ref name=p3 /> designated Awir II<ref name=p5 /> of [[Engis]], Belgium<ref name=p3>M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006; page 3, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> – Philippe-Charles<ref name=p1 /> [[Philippe-Charles Schmerling|Schmerling]]<ref name=p2>[https://ift.tt/368FFhU The Neandertal Genome], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref>
*1833,<ref>Timothy Murray (2007) – [https://ift.tt/30zFUA0 Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia], [https://ift.tt/30aWlGX xxviii], ABC-CLIO, ,, Retrieved 2019-07-02</ref> bones of<ref name=p1 />''homo neanderthalensis'',<ref>Fran Dorey (2-4-2019) —[https://ift.tt/2RqJvhc Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals], [[Australian Museum]], par "..human skull.." in, M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006; page 3: "..The first excavation Schmerling conducted, in the winter of 1829–1830, led to the discovery of two human skull caps..." accessed 2019-12-25</ref> within caves<ref name=p1 /> located in a [[Dinantian]] lime-stone cliff<ref name=p3 /> close to [[Liège]] – Schmerling<ref name=p1>[[Colin Renfrew]], [[Paul Bahn]] (5 September 2013) – [https://ift.tt/30HAEKL Archaeology: The Key Concepts], [https://ift.tt/30hKXZS p.9], Routledge, , Retrieved 2019-07-02</ref>
*1848,<ref name=p2 /> sometime before 3rd of<ref name=p7>Bernard Wood – [https://ift.tt/375mUgI Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution], [https://ift.tt/2G3rnVo page is accessed via criteria "dating of Gibraltar 1 Forbes" (no page number shown)], John Wiley & Sons, 31 March 2011, , , accessed 2019-12-25</ref> March, first skull of<ref name=p5>A Menez 2018 – [https://ift.tt/2sDF8Hl The Gibraltar Skull: early history, 1848–1868], Archives of natural history 45.1 (2018): 92–110, [[Edinburgh University Press]], DOI: 10.3366/anh.2018.0485, https://ift.tt/2tmro4d & https://www.google.com/, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p4 /> found<ref name=p5 /> (a female<ref>Lisa Hendry – [https://ift.tt/2sDF9en Human Evolution First adult Neanderthal skull], published by the [[Natural History Museum]] of the United Kingdom of Britain December 17, 2015, accessed 2019-12-25</ref>) within [[Forbes' Quarry|Forbes Quarry]]<ref name=p6>[https://ift.tt/366iXHp Famous anthropology finds], [[Arizona State University]], accessed 2019-12-25</ref> Gibralter<ref name=p5 /> – ((military prisoner(s)<ref name=p7 />) [[Edmund Flint|Edmund Henry Réné Flint]]<ref name=p5 />
*1856<ref name=p2 /> August,<ref name=p8 /> a calotte and 15 [[post-cranial]] bones of<ref>Frederick H. Smith, in, Sanz, Nuria – [https://ift.tt/2sDF9uT Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia], [https://ift.tt/2v2nE8l p.206], published by [[UNESCO Publishing]] 7 September 2015, , accessed 2019-12-25</ref> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p4 /> from within a [[Feldhofer cave]]<ref name=p8>Ralf W. Schmitz, David Serre, Georges Bonani, Susanne Feine, Felix Hillgruber, Heike Krainitzki, Svante Pääbo, and Frederick H. Smith – [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w The Neandertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany], PNAS October 1, 2002 99 (20) 13342-13347; https://ift.tt/2G6B9WA, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> on the south valley walls of the<ref>Bongard JH (1835) – Wanderung zur Neandershöhle: Eine topographische Skizze der Gegend von Erkrath an der Düssel (Arnz, Düsseldorf, Germany), in, [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w Schmitz, Serre, Bonani, Feine ''et alia''], PNAS 2002, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> [[Neandertal (valley)|Neander valley]]<ref name=p2 /><ref>Katerina Harvati – [https://ift.tt/38oa25t Neanderthals], Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, published by Evolution: Education and Outreach September 2010 (23 July 2010), Volume 3, Issue 3, pp 367–376, accessed 2019-12-25</ref><ref>"...known by about 1850 as the Neander Valley (Neandertal) in honor of [[Joachim Neander]] (1650–1680)..." Schmitz RW, Thissen J (2000) – Neandertal: Die Geschichte geht weiter (Spektrum, Heidelberg), in, [https://ift.tt/3aprg4w Schmitz, Serre, Bonani, Feine ''et alia''], PNAS 2002, accessed 2019-12-25</ref> of western Germany<ref name=p8 /> – individuals working to remove limestone from the cave, Wilhelm Beckershoff (one of two founders of the Actiengesellschaft für Marmorindustrie Neanderthal) supervising the quarrying<ref name=p8 />
*1866, mandible of<ref name=p3 /> ''homo neanderthalensis''<ref name=p3 /><ref name=p4 /> [[La Naulette]], Lesse valley – [[Édouard Dupont]]<ref name=p3 />
*1886, June, July, skeletal remains of ''neanderthalensis'' found in the opening of the Betche aux Rotches (westerly of [[Namur]]) – Max Lohest (a geologist) Marcel De Puydt (an archaeologist), Julien Fraipont (a palaeontologist)<ref>Fraipont J, Lohest M 1887 – La race humaine de Néanderthalou de Canstadt en Belgique. Recherches ethnographiques sur desossements humains découverts dans les dépôts quaternaires d'unegrotte à Spy et détermination de leur âge géologique. Archives deBiologie 7: Gand, 587–757, 4 pl. h.t, in, M. Toussaint & S. Pirson — [https://ift.tt/2R4eYH4 Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005], PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 Volume 108, Number 3, 373–387, 2006, accessed 2019-12-25</ref>
*1891, August, October,<ref>Dean Falk — [https://ift.tt/2TIpNjA The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution], [https://ift.tt/3652XFx p.188], [[University of California Press]] 3 October 2011, , , accessed 2019-12-26</ref> a [[3rd molar|molar (3rd)]] (August), and skullcap of ''[[homo erectus]]''<ref name=p12>John de Vos – [https://ift.tt/2sD4S6H The Dubois collection: a new look at an old collection] pp.1,5,6 [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] & Winkler Prins & Donovan. Proc. VII International Symposium 'Cultural Heritage in Geosciences, ''[[Scripta Geologica]]'', Spec. Issue 4 (2004), p.1 (267): "..''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' (now ''Homo'') ''erectus''...", p.6 (272) ".."[https://ift.tt/2NDfs4C Pithecanthropus erectus, eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus Java]"..., accessed 2019-12-26</ref> found in [[Trinil]], Java – [[Eugene Dubois]]<ref>Fran Dorey – [https://ift.tt/367LXi3 A timeline of fossil discoveries], published by the [[Australian Museum]] 23-12-2019, accessed 2019-12-26</ref>
*1892, August, left femur of ''homo erectus'' (classified by Dubois (1894) as ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' (via [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1868)), Trinil, Java, – Eugene Dubois<ref name=p12 />
===20th ===
*1932, ''[[homo helmei]]'' ([[Florisbad]]) — [[Thomas Frederik Dryer]] (approximately 45 km north of [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa)<ref>Josh Kalich (2017, July 21) — [https://ift.tt/30HENhM Homo Helmei], [[Michagen State University]], Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1967, ''[[homo sapiens]]'', [[Omo I|Omo 1]], [[Omo II|Omo 2]] — [[Richard Leakey]] (near [[Omo River]], [[Ethiopia]])<ref>Michael Hopkin — [https://ift.tt/30jJEJN Radioactive dating finds that fossil skulls are 195,000 years old] 2005, 16 February (online) [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] doi:10.1038/news050214-10 (photograph: Michael Day), (John Fleagle, [[Stony Brook University, New York]]; Ian McDougall of the [[Australian National University]]: dating analysis post 1967), (Christopher Stringer [[Natural History Museum]], London), ''erroneously dated via associated shells of molluscs to an approximate of 130,000 years of age'' c.f. 2005, accessed 2019-09-12</ref>
*1967–68, fragments of hominid (caves of the south coast of South Africa) — J. Wymer & R. Singer ([[Klasies River Mouth]])<ref>Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ian Tattersall — [https://ift.tt/30HEOlQ The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia)],
[https://ift.tt/30cDLy9 p.117], John Wiley & Sons, 11 March 2005, , , Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1974, [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]] (Dinknesh) — [[Donald Johanson]] & Thomas Gray<ref>Rachael Larimore (Nov 24, 2015) — [https://ift.tt/30FVcmH "41st anniversary"] [[Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science]] Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref><ref>Elissa Jobson — [https://ift.tt/30cDPxT 5349], The Africa Report, 10 September 2013, Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref><ref>[https://ift.tt/30HES54 The man who found Lucy] [[University of Illinois]] Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref>
*1976, [[L.H. 18]] ([[Ngaloba Beds]]) — Day, [[Mary Leakey|Leakey]], Magori ([[Laetoli]], northern Tanzania)<ref>Day MH, Leakey MD, Magori C — [https://ift.tt/30cDSd3 A new hominid fossil skull (L.H. 18) from the Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli, northern Tanzania], ''Nature'' 1980 March 6;284(5751):55-6, Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*1978, crania-1 from [[Apidima Cave|Apidema]], [[Mani Peninsula|Mesa Mani]]<ref name="Th & J">Δρ. Θ.Κ. Πίτσιος, Ι. Δαμιγος (Pitsios & Damigos) — [https://ift.tt/30hKYgo Ο καθαρισμός απολιθωμέvου κπαvίου Παλαιοαvθρώπου από το Απήδημα της μέσα Μάvης], Αρχική σελίδα – Αρχαιολογία Online, located using criteria: [https://ift.tt/30zGo9i "discovery of Apidema cranium 1 and 2 1978"], Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref><ref>Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson1, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) – [https://ift.tt/30CcEZv Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia], [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] Volume 571, sourced using Ashley Strickland (July 10, 2019) [https://ift.tt/30gzedY 210,000-year-old human skull in Greece is the oldest found outside Africa]; Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref>
*1980, crania-2 from Apidema, Mesa Mani<ref name="Th & J" />
*1984, August 22, a close to complete skeleton of ''[[homo ergaster]]'' (approximately of 1.5 million years ago) — [[Kamoya Kimeu]]<ref>[[Richard Dawkins]], [[Yan Wong]] — [https://ift.tt/2RvKfl3 The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution], [https://ift.tt/2TDf3mW p.71], [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] 2005, , , (source shows "Kimoya", c.f. Broderick) retrieved 2019-09-28, &, Carol Broderick (2018, April 13) — [https://ift.tt/37bgDQI Fossil Finders: Kamoya Kimeu], [[Leakey Foundation]], (image:David L. Brill 1985) (source shows "Kamoya") retrieved 2019-09-29</ref>
===21st===
*2003, ''homo sapiens'' (Bouri Formation) dated to within approximately 160,000 and 154,000 years ago — Clark, Beyene, WoldeGabriel, Hart, Renne, Gilbert, Defleur, Suwa, Katoh, Ludwig, Boisserie, Asfaw, White ([[Afar Rift]], Ethiopia)<ref>Clark JD, Beyene Y, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Renne PR, Gilbert H, Defleur A, Suwa G, Katoh S, Ludwig KR, Boisserie JR, Asfaw B, White TD — [https://ift.tt/30JxgPo Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia], ''Nature'' 2003 June 12;423(6941):747-52, Retrieved 2019-09-15</ref>
*2005, [[Argon–argon dating|method-argon]] re-dating for [[Omo I|Omo 1]], [[Omo II|Omo 2]] (40Ar/39Ar; of feldspar crystals, from pumice clasts within tuffs below and above the level where the fossils were found indicate the age of the fossils is closer to the median within the range 184,000 to 202,000 years of age (for crystals below the fossils)), is dated to an age of 190,000 to 200, 000 years of age, indicating the two finds are the most old (for finds dated by reliable methods) yet discovered for ''homo sapiens'' — McDougall, Brown, Fleagle<ref name="2 sole, mere">Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle [https://ift.tt/30cDTO9 Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia], Nature volume 433, pages 733–736 (2005), "...earliest '''well-dated''' anatomically modern humans...", accessed 2019-09-12</ref>
*2008,<ref name="RMTF" /> method-[[radiocarbon|radiocarbon-dating]] techniques<ref name="RMTF" /><ref>Thomas Higham (Leach, Humm, Tomkins, Bowles) ''et al.'' — [https://ift.tt/30zGu0E Dating of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in western Europe using ultrafiltration AMS radiocarbon], University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Retrieved 2019-07-17</ref> dating of [[List of discoveries#19th 2|Buckland 1823]] generates an age of approximately 31,000 to 32,000 B.C.<ref name="oumnh" /> (the Mid-[[Upper Paleolithic]]<ref name="RMTF">Jacobi RM, Higham TF (2008 Oct 17) — [https://ift.tt/30cDVpf The "Red Lady" ages gracefully: new ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland], [[Journal of Human Evolution]] 2008 Nov;55(5):898–907. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.007. Epub 2008 Oct 17, Retrieved 2019-07-17</ref><ref name="oumnh" />)
*2015, ''[[homo naledi]]'' — [[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee R Berger]]<ref>[[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee R Berger]], John Hawks, Darryl J de Ruiter, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid, Lucas K Delezene, Tracy L Kivell, Heather M Garvin, Scott A Williams — [https://ift.tt/2hEmVjn Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa] eLife Sep 10 2015, Retrieved 2019-06-16</ref>
*2017, June (published), a crania of a ''homo sapiens'' of sometime within the range of 281,000 to 349,000 years of age (ageing was achieved by method-[[thermoluminescence]]), of an individual alive during the [[Middle Stone Age]] of Africa, places the origination of the [[evolution]] of the ''[[homo]]'' variation ''[[Homo sapiens|sapiens]]'' to sometime within an approximate range of 81,000 to 149,000 thousand years prior to the previously determined time of evolution — [[JJ Hublin|Hublin]], Ben-Ncer, Bailey, Freidline, Neubauer, Skinner, Bergmann, Le Cabec, Benazzi, Harvati, Gunz ([[Jebel Irhoud]], Morocco)<ref>Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, Le Cabec A, Benazzi S, Harvati K, Gunz P (2017, June 7) — [https://ift.tt/30fJd31 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens], ''[[Nature (Journal)|Nature]]'' 2017 June 7;546(7657):289–292. doi: 10.1038/nature22336, &, ([[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]]), in, Ewen Callaway (2017, 07 June; Corrected: 08 June 2017) — [https://ift.tt/2sFmOc3 Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history], ''Nature'', [Callaway: "...'''...indicates H. sapiens appeared more than 100,000 years earlier than thought''': most researchers have placed the origins of our species in East Africa about 200,000 years ago..." '''c.f.''' Hublin ''et al.'': "...315 ± 34 thousand years..." ], Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref>
*2018, January 26 (published), a [[maxilla|hemimaxilla]]<ref name="Hershkovitz AAAS">Hershkovitz I ''et al'' — [https://ift.tt/30HT6me The earliest modern humans outside Africa], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] 26 Jan 2018: Volume 359, Issue 6374, pp. 456–459 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8369, Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref> containing [[Dentition#Dentition use in archaeology|dentes]], of a ''[[homo sapiens]]'' alive between approximately 175,000 to 192,000 years B.C, [[Misliya Cave]], Israel, at the time the most anciently existing ''homo sapiens'' externally to Africa – Hershkovitz, Weber, Quam, Duval, Grün, Kinsley, Ayalon, Bar-Matthews, Valladas, Mercier, Arsuaga, Martinón-Torres, Bermúdez de Castro, Fornai, Martín-Francés, Sarig, May, Krenn, Slon, Rodríguez, García, Lorenzo, Carretero, Frumkin, Shahack-Gross, Bar-Yosef Mayer, Cui, Wu, Peled, Groman-Yaroslavski, Weissbrod, Yeshurun, Tsatskin, Zaidner, Weinstein-Evron<ref name="I,GW,R,M,R,L,A,M,H,N,JL,M,JM,C,L,R,H,VA,V,L,R,C,JM,A, R, DE, Y, X, N, I, L, R, A, Y, M">Hershkovitz I, Weber GW, Quam R, Duval M, Grün R, Kinsley L, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Valladas H, Mercier N, Arsuaga JL, Martinón-Torres M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Fornai C, Martín-Francés L, Sarig R, May H, Krenn VA, Slon V, Rodríguez L, García R, Lorenzo C, Carretero JM, Frumkin A, Shahack-Gross R, Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Cui Y, Wu X, Peled N, Groman-Yaroslavski I, Weissbrod L, Yeshurun R, Tsatskin A, Zaidner Y, Weinstein-Evron M (26 January 2018) — [https://ift.tt/30sAzP7 The earliest modern humans outside Africa], Science. 2018 Jan 26;359(6374):456–459. doi: 10.1126/science.aap8369, , Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref>
*2019, June, two milk teeth, at the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site]] (2001), [[Siberia]] – Willerslev<ref>Martin Sikora et al. (05 Jun 2019) — 'The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.' Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z [https://ift.tt/30HEkfw DNA from 31,000-year-old milk teeth leads to discovery of new group of ancient Siberians] Retrieved 2019-06-20</ref>
*2019, July 25, U-series [[radiometric]] dating of ''homo sapiens'' crania [[Apidima Cave|Apidema-1]], discovered within Greece (1978), finds the crania is from a time of approximately 208,000 B.C.<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M">Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) – [https://ift.tt/30CcEZv Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia], [[Nature (Journal)|Nature]] Volume 571, Retrieved 2019-09-07</ref> belonging to the more recent era of the [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle Pleistocene period]]<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M" /><ref>[https://ift.tt/30hGC8U Notice "O katharismós apolithoménou kraniou palaionthropou apó to Apédema tes Mánes"], [[International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property]] Retrieved 2019-07-15</ref> – Harvati, Röding, Bosman, Karakostis, Grün, Stringer, Karkanas, Thompson, Koutoulidis, Moulopoulos, Gorgoulis, Kouloukoussa<ref name="K,C,A,F,R,C,P,N,V,L,V,M" />
==Sources==
https://ift.tt/361AYXi
