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Wu Ziliang
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'''Wu Ziliang''' (; 25 December 1917 – 24 May 2008), also known as '''Tsu-Liang Wu''',<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> was a Chinese [[physical metallurgist]]. He was elected a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1950 and an academician of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1980.
== Early life and education ==
Wu was born on 25 December 1917 in [[Pujiang County, Zhejiang]], Republic of China.<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> He was the seventh and youngest child of his father, a [[Qing dynasty]] [[Xiucai|''xiucai'']] who later became a lawyer. When Wu was a child, his father died and the family fell into poverty. He worked as a cowherd for two years and did not attend elementary school until 1926.<ref name=":2" /> He excelled in school and tested into Zhejiang Provincial No. 1 Middle School and later [[Hangzhou High School]], two of the best schools in the provincial capital [[Hangzhou]].<ref name=":2" />
In 1935, Wu was admitted to the Mining and Metallurgy Department of [[Peiyang University]] (now [[Tianjin University]]). A year later, he transferred to the newly established Department of Aeronautical Mechanics. When the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] broke out in 1937, [[Tianjin]] fell to Japanese occupation, and Peiyang University was evacuated to [[Xi'an]] in inland China.<ref name=":2" /> In 1938, Peiyang and other universities exiled from the occupied areas established the Northwest Institute of Technology in a mountainous village in [[Chenggu County]], using a temple as its classroom. Wu graduated from the university in 1939.<ref name=":2" />
== Early career ==
After graduation, Wu worked as a junior designer at the Sino-American [[Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company]] in Leiyun (or Loiwing), [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1942, the aircraft factory was bombed by the Japanese and forced to move to [[Kunming]], and Wu worked as an engineer at the Central Machinery Works. He was later expelled from the factory for refusing to join the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name=":2" />
In 1943, Wu went to the United States to pursue graduate studies with financial support from his eldest sister, who was a doctor.<ref name=":2" /> He attended [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]], where he earned his D.Sc. in [[physical metallurgy]] in 1948 and then worked as a [[post-doctoral researcher]]. From 1949 to 1950 he worked as an engineer for a naval research project in the Department of Material Science and Engineering of [[Syracuse University]].<ref name=":1" /> He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1950.<ref name=":1" />
== People's Republic of China ==
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Wu returned to China in early 1951 and became a professor in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at [[Tangshan Jiaotong University]] (now Southwest Jiaotong University).<ref name=":2" /> Later that year, he was transferred to the [[Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy]] (SIM) of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=":1" /> At SIM he developed [[manganese]] [[molybdenum]] steel, which became widely produced in steel works in China, and he received the [[State Natural Science Award]] (Third Class) in 1956.<ref name=":2" /> He was later promoted to Deputy Director of SIM.<ref name=":1" />
In 1961, Wu was put in charge of the development of [[membrane separation]] technology for separating [[uranium-235]], capable of sustaining a [[nuclear fission]] [[chain reaction]], from [[uranium-238]], the predominant [[Isotopes of uranium|isotope]] of [[uranium]] that cannot sustain a chain reaction.<ref name=":2" /> It was an essential but difficult technology for making [[Nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]]. Wu led a team of 60 scientists at SIM, and developed the technology in three years. On 16 October 1964, China exploded its first nuclear bomb.<ref name=":2" /> Wu was awarded the National Invention Prize (First Class) in 1984 and a Special Prize of the [[State Science and Technology Progress Award]] in 1985 for this achievement.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
In the 1970s, Wu researched [[semiconductors]] and large-scale [[integrated circuit]], laying the foundation for the production of China's first integrated circuit at SIM.<ref name=":2" /> In the 1980s, he made significant discoveries in [[superconductor]] research.<ref name=":2" />
Wu was elected an academician of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1980. In 1999, he was among the 23 scientists awarded the [[Two Bombs, One Satellite]] Meritorious Medal.<ref name=":2" /> He also received the [[Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize]] for Technological Sciences.<ref name=":1" />
Wu died on 24 May 2008 in Shanghai, at the age of 90.<ref name=":2" />
== References ==
== Early life and education ==
Wu was born on 25 December 1917 in [[Pujiang County, Zhejiang]], Republic of China.<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> He was the seventh and youngest child of his father, a [[Qing dynasty]] [[Xiucai|''xiucai'']] who later became a lawyer. When Wu was a child, his father died and the family fell into poverty. He worked as a cowherd for two years and did not attend elementary school until 1926.<ref name=":2" /> He excelled in school and tested into Zhejiang Provincial No. 1 Middle School and later [[Hangzhou High School]], two of the best schools in the provincial capital [[Hangzhou]].<ref name=":2" />
In 1935, Wu was admitted to the Mining and Metallurgy Department of [[Peiyang University]] (now [[Tianjin University]]). A year later, he transferred to the newly established Department of Aeronautical Mechanics. When the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] broke out in 1937, [[Tianjin]] fell to Japanese occupation, and Peiyang University was evacuated to [[Xi'an]] in inland China.<ref name=":2" /> In 1938, Peiyang and other universities exiled from the occupied areas established the Northwest Institute of Technology in a mountainous village in [[Chenggu County]], using a temple as its classroom. Wu graduated from the university in 1939.<ref name=":2" />
== Early career ==
After graduation, Wu worked as a junior designer at the Sino-American [[Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company]] in Leiyun (or Loiwing), [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1942, the aircraft factory was bombed by the Japanese and forced to move to [[Kunming]], and Wu worked as an engineer at the Central Machinery Works. He was later expelled from the factory for refusing to join the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name=":2" />
In 1943, Wu went to the United States to pursue graduate studies with financial support from his eldest sister, who was a doctor.<ref name=":2" /> He attended [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]], where he earned his D.Sc. in [[physical metallurgy]] in 1948 and then worked as a [[post-doctoral researcher]]. From 1949 to 1950 he worked as an engineer for a naval research project in the Department of Material Science and Engineering of [[Syracuse University]].<ref name=":1" /> He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1950.<ref name=":1" />
== People's Republic of China ==
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Wu returned to China in early 1951 and became a professor in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at [[Tangshan Jiaotong University]] (now Southwest Jiaotong University).<ref name=":2" /> Later that year, he was transferred to the [[Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy]] (SIM) of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=":1" /> At SIM he developed [[manganese]] [[molybdenum]] steel, which became widely produced in steel works in China, and he received the [[State Natural Science Award]] (Third Class) in 1956.<ref name=":2" /> He was later promoted to Deputy Director of SIM.<ref name=":1" />
In 1961, Wu was put in charge of the development of [[membrane separation]] technology for separating [[uranium-235]], capable of sustaining a [[nuclear fission]] [[chain reaction]], from [[uranium-238]], the predominant [[Isotopes of uranium|isotope]] of [[uranium]] that cannot sustain a chain reaction.<ref name=":2" /> It was an essential but difficult technology for making [[Nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]]. Wu led a team of 60 scientists at SIM, and developed the technology in three years. On 16 October 1964, China exploded its first nuclear bomb.<ref name=":2" /> Wu was awarded the National Invention Prize (First Class) in 1984 and a Special Prize of the [[State Science and Technology Progress Award]] in 1985 for this achievement.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
In the 1970s, Wu researched [[semiconductors]] and large-scale [[integrated circuit]], laying the foundation for the production of China's first integrated circuit at SIM.<ref name=":2" /> In the 1980s, he made significant discoveries in [[superconductor]] research.<ref name=":2" />
Wu was elected an academician of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1980. In 1999, he was among the 23 scientists awarded the [[Two Bombs, One Satellite]] Meritorious Medal.<ref name=":2" /> He also received the [[Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize]] for Technological Sciences.<ref name=":1" />
Wu died on 24 May 2008 in Shanghai, at the age of 90.<ref name=":2" />
== References ==
http://bit.ly/2MQvtqj
