新規更新June 23, 2019 at 06:16AM
【外部リンク】
Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union
Jamez42: /* References */
== World War II ==
The Soviet Union policy during [[World War II]] was neutrality until August 1939, followed by friendly relations with Germany in order to carve up Eastern Europe. The USSR helped supply oil and munitions to Germany as its armies rolled across Western Europe in May–June 1940. Despite repeated warnings, Stalin refused to believe that Hitler was planning an all-out war on the USSR.<ref></ref> Stalin was stunned and temporarily helpless when Hitler invaded in June 1941. Stalin quickly came to terms with Britain and the United States, cemented through a series of summit meetings. The U.S. and Britain supplied war materials in large quantity through [[Lend Lease]].<ref name="auto">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> There was some coordination of military action, especially in summer 1944.<ref>William Hardy McNeill, ''America, Britain, and Russia: Their Co-Operation and Conflict, 1941–1946'' (1953)</ref><ref>Richard J. Overy, ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia'' (2004)</ref>
== Cold War ==
=== Korean War ===
In June 1950, [[Kim Il-sung]]'s [[Korean People's Army|North Korean People's Army]] invaded South Korea.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-Stokesbury1990-58|[58]]]</sup> Fearing that communist Korea under a Kim Il Sung dictatorship could threaten Japan and foster other communist movements in Asia, Truman committed U.S. forces and obtained help from the [[United Nations]] to counter the North Korean invasion. The Soviets boycotted [[UN Security Council]] meetings while protesting the Council's failure to seat the [[People's Republic of China]] and, thus, did not veto the Council's approval of UN action to oppose the North Korean invasion. A joint UN force of personnel from South Korea, the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Turkey]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[France]], the [[Philippines]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[New Zealand]] and other countries joined to stop the invasion.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-59|[59]]]</sup> After a Chinese invasion to assist the North Koreans, fighting stabilized along the 38th parallel, which had separated the Koreas. The [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] was signed in July 1953 after the death of Stalin, who had been insisting that the North Koreans continue fighting.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-60|[60]]]</sup>
=== Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ===
After Stalinist dictator [[Mátyás Rákosi]] was replaced by [[Imre Nagy]] following Stalin's death<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-44|[44]]][''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|not in citation given]]'']</sup> and [[People's Republic of Poland|Polish]] reformist [[Władysław Gomułka]] was able to enact some reformist requests,<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-satellite-45|[45]]]</sup> large numbers of protesting Hungarians compiled a list of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956]],<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-sixteen-46|[46]]]</sup> including free secret-ballot elections, independent tribunals, and inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities. Under the orders of Soviet defense minister [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet tanks entered Budapest.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-47|[47]]]</sup>Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-48|[48]]]</sup>
The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded the [[ÁVH|Hungarian secret police]], declared its intention to withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and pledged to re-establish free elections. The [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Politburo]] thereafter moved to crush the revolution with a large Soviet force invading Budapest and other regions of the country.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-troops-49|[49]]]</sup>Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary,<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-Cseresneyes-50|[50]]]</sup> some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed [[János Kádár]] government and, of those, 13,000 were imprisoned.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-51|[51]]]</sup> Imre Nagy was executed, along with [[Pál Maléter]] and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. By January 1957, the Hungarian government had suppressed all public opposition. These Hungarian government's violent oppressive actions alienated many Western [[Marxism|Marxists]],<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported%20attributions|who?]]'']</sup> yet strengthened communist control in all the European communist states, cultivating the perception that communism was both irreversible and monolithic.
=== Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ===
A period of political liberalization took place in 1968 in [[Eastern Bloc]] country [[Czechoslovakia]] called the [[Prague Spring]]. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-1|[1]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Williams5-2|[2]]]</sup> In April, Czechoslovakian leader [[Alexander Dubček]] launched an "[[Action Programme (1968)|Action Program]]" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on [[consumer goods]], the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-3|[3]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-4|[4]]]</sup> Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]'s [[János Kádár]] expressing support, while Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the Cold War.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-trans-5|[5]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-6|[6]]]</sup> On August 3, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in [[Bratislava]] and signed the [[Bratislava Declaration]], which declaration affirmed unshakable fidelity to [[Marxism-Leninism]]<nowiki/>and [[proletarian internationalism]] and declared an implacable struggle against "bourgeois" ideology and all "anti-socialist" forces.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-7|[7]]]</sup>
On the night of August 20–21, 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from four Warsaw Pact countries – the Soviet Union, [[Bulgaria]], [[Poland]] and [[Hungary]]– [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invaded Czechoslovakia]].<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-8|[8]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Global-9|[9]]]</sup> The invasion comported with the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]], a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-10|[10]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-11|[11]]]</sup> The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-12|[12]]]</sup> In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by [[Gustáv Husák]], and a period of "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" began.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Williams-13|[13]]]</sup> Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to re-[[Planned economy|centralize]] the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have "full political trust".<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Interpolitics-14|[14]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-KieranPress-15|[15]]]</sup> The international image of the Soviet Union suffered considerably, especially among Western student movements inspired by the "[[New Left]]" and non-Aligned Movement states. [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[People's Republic of China]], for example, condemned both the Soviets and the Americans as [[Imperialism|imperialists]].
== References ==
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
The Soviet Union policy during [[World War II]] was neutrality until August 1939, followed by friendly relations with Germany in order to carve up Eastern Europe. The USSR helped supply oil and munitions to Germany as its armies rolled across Western Europe in May–June 1940. Despite repeated warnings, Stalin refused to believe that Hitler was planning an all-out war on the USSR.<ref></ref> Stalin was stunned and temporarily helpless when Hitler invaded in June 1941. Stalin quickly came to terms with Britain and the United States, cemented through a series of summit meetings. The U.S. and Britain supplied war materials in large quantity through [[Lend Lease]].<ref name="auto">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> There was some coordination of military action, especially in summer 1944.<ref>William Hardy McNeill, ''America, Britain, and Russia: Their Co-Operation and Conflict, 1941–1946'' (1953)</ref><ref>Richard J. Overy, ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia'' (2004)</ref>
== Cold War ==
=== Korean War ===
In June 1950, [[Kim Il-sung]]'s [[Korean People's Army|North Korean People's Army]] invaded South Korea.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-Stokesbury1990-58|[58]]]</sup> Fearing that communist Korea under a Kim Il Sung dictatorship could threaten Japan and foster other communist movements in Asia, Truman committed U.S. forces and obtained help from the [[United Nations]] to counter the North Korean invasion. The Soviets boycotted [[UN Security Council]] meetings while protesting the Council's failure to seat the [[People's Republic of China]] and, thus, did not veto the Council's approval of UN action to oppose the North Korean invasion. A joint UN force of personnel from South Korea, the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Turkey]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[France]], the [[Philippines]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[New Zealand]] and other countries joined to stop the invasion.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-59|[59]]]</sup> After a Chinese invasion to assist the North Koreans, fighting stabilized along the 38th parallel, which had separated the Koreas. The [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] was signed in July 1953 after the death of Stalin, who had been insisting that the North Koreans continue fighting.<sup>[[Cold War (1947–1953)#cite%20note-60|[60]]]</sup>
=== Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ===
After Stalinist dictator [[Mátyás Rákosi]] was replaced by [[Imre Nagy]] following Stalin's death<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-44|[44]]][''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|not in citation given]]'']</sup> and [[People's Republic of Poland|Polish]] reformist [[Władysław Gomułka]] was able to enact some reformist requests,<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-satellite-45|[45]]]</sup> large numbers of protesting Hungarians compiled a list of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956]],<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-sixteen-46|[46]]]</sup> including free secret-ballot elections, independent tribunals, and inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities. Under the orders of Soviet defense minister [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet tanks entered Budapest.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-47|[47]]]</sup>Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-48|[48]]]</sup>
The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded the [[ÁVH|Hungarian secret police]], declared its intention to withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and pledged to re-establish free elections. The [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Politburo]] thereafter moved to crush the revolution with a large Soviet force invading Budapest and other regions of the country.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-troops-49|[49]]]</sup>Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary,<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-Cseresneyes-50|[50]]]</sup> some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed [[János Kádár]] government and, of those, 13,000 were imprisoned.<sup>[[Cold War (1953–1962)#cite%20note-51|[51]]]</sup> Imre Nagy was executed, along with [[Pál Maléter]] and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. By January 1957, the Hungarian government had suppressed all public opposition. These Hungarian government's violent oppressive actions alienated many Western [[Marxism|Marxists]],<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported%20attributions|who?]]'']</sup> yet strengthened communist control in all the European communist states, cultivating the perception that communism was both irreversible and monolithic.
=== Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ===
A period of political liberalization took place in 1968 in [[Eastern Bloc]] country [[Czechoslovakia]] called the [[Prague Spring]]. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-1|[1]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Williams5-2|[2]]]</sup> In April, Czechoslovakian leader [[Alexander Dubček]] launched an "[[Action Programme (1968)|Action Program]]" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on [[consumer goods]], the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-3|[3]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-4|[4]]]</sup> Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]'s [[János Kádár]] expressing support, while Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the Cold War.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-trans-5|[5]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-6|[6]]]</sup> On August 3, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in [[Bratislava]] and signed the [[Bratislava Declaration]], which declaration affirmed unshakable fidelity to [[Marxism-Leninism]]<nowiki/>and [[proletarian internationalism]] and declared an implacable struggle against "bourgeois" ideology and all "anti-socialist" forces.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-7|[7]]]</sup>
On the night of August 20–21, 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from four Warsaw Pact countries – the Soviet Union, [[Bulgaria]], [[Poland]] and [[Hungary]]– [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invaded Czechoslovakia]].<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-8|[8]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Global-9|[9]]]</sup> The invasion comported with the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]], a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-10|[10]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-11|[11]]]</sup> The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-12|[12]]]</sup> In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by [[Gustáv Husák]], and a period of "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" began.<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Williams-13|[13]]]</sup> Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to re-[[Planned economy|centralize]] the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have "full political trust".<sup>[[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-Interpolitics-14|[14]]][[Cold War (1962–1979)#cite%20note-KieranPress-15|[15]]]</sup> The international image of the Soviet Union suffered considerably, especially among Western student movements inspired by the "[[New Left]]" and non-Aligned Movement states. [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[People's Republic of China]], for example, condemned both the Soviets and the Americans as [[Imperialism|imperialists]].
== References ==
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
http://bit.ly/2X16yog
