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Maria la Grande
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'''María la Grande''', '''María la Vieja''' or simply '''la Reina''' was a Cacique Tehuelche in the early 19th century. Her rule spread through most of Patagonia, from Punta Arenas down to Carmen de Patagones and the Rio Negro. She was referred to as, La Grande (The Great), by Luis Vernet in allusion to Catalina ll from Russia, when they met in the Valdés Peninsula in 1823.
== Life ==
The first references Mari date back to 1792 when tenant Juan Jose Elizalde arrived in Santa Cruz where he found cacique tehuelche Vicente, his Cogocha wife whom translated, and his daughter named Mariquita.
In 1820 James Weddell met María while on a seal hunting trip. He believed Maria to be mestizo and assured that she was a great speaker capable of appeasing her warriors' emotions. Weddell immediately recognized her as the leader of the Tehuelches.
Robert Fitz Roy also referred to her after meeting in 1827 when she was around 40 years old. This time around, Maria was accompanied by her husband, a tall tehuelche, and five of her sons. Maria was the only one who spoke spanish and knew how to communicate with foreigners. She was an excellent horse rider and wore Virgin Mary hoop medals and pins which held her robe over her chest.
In 1827, during the first British expedition of the Patagonian coasts , the captain of the Adventure ship, Phillip Parker Kind, met Maria, daughter and respective sister of the caciques Vicenter and Bysante, and visited her village at San Gregorio bay, on the Magallanes stretch (Chile). Demonstrating great economic power, Maria traded meats, skins, guanaco robes, and ñandú feathers for swords, knives, tobacco, yerba mate, horse equipment, firearm ammunition, cloths, flour, sugar, and alcohol, among other goods. Kind described the village in great detail. Around 15 larger huts surrounded Maria's which was placed in the center, next to a smaller hut used as a deposit. Around 120 warriors responded to her.
Maria had many refugees in her villages, deserters of lobero ships or justice refugees, some were her protected peoples and others her enemies. William Arms and Tutis Coan, two American missionaries who stayed at in San Gregorio bay from November 14 1833, to January 25 1834, linked with Maria in regards to their plan to travel to Chile, as they already identified her as the representative of her village. Maria showed great generosity with the missionaries, gifting them a guancao leather quillango (traditional Patagonian robe). In 1843, aptain Blanchard of the French ship, Le Fleurs, also left behind information about Maria when he found her in Bahía Posesión. He described her as an old woman with authority.
Fitz Roy, who returned to her village to stock up on food provisions on a second expedition, had an opportunity of witnessing the religious ceremony led by Maria which captivated her followers. She used a small wooden figure, which she called her "Christ" and claimed to communicate with, performed, in religious syncretism, a ceremony which blended indigenous and Christian rites. This is what led to Charles Darwin calling her, "Santa Maria". At a certain point of the ritual, Maria would order her husband, Manuel, to pierce the arms and ears of her men with a needle causing them to bleed. Her followers considered this a great honor. Her first encounter with Vernet in the Valdes Peninsula in 1823, shows her strong territorial concept claiming the Cimarron cattle belonged to the Tehuelches as they were the inhabitants of the land. <blockquote>El gran jefe tehuelche arribó… una mujer que, acompañada por más de mil indios, lo invitó a negociar y conocer los derechos que su pueblo tenía sobre ese territorio.</blockquote>Más tarde, en 1829, siendo Gobernador de Malvinas, Vernet la invitó a visitar Puerto Luis, reconociendo su poder, con el propósito de concretar la creación de una factoría en la Bahía San Gregorio que gozaría de la protección de la cacique. Se dice que María se mareó mucho durante el viaje en barco, comió correctamente en la mesa y hasta cantó en una de las veladas musicales que organizaba siempre María Sáez de Vernet para las visitas. La iniciativa de la colonia quedó en nada debido a los sucesos que ocurrieron en las islas poco después (en 1833 las islas Malvinas fueron ocupadas por los ingleses).
== Life ==
The first references Mari date back to 1792 when tenant Juan Jose Elizalde arrived in Santa Cruz where he found cacique tehuelche Vicente, his Cogocha wife whom translated, and his daughter named Mariquita.
In 1820 James Weddell met María while on a seal hunting trip. He believed Maria to be mestizo and assured that she was a great speaker capable of appeasing her warriors' emotions. Weddell immediately recognized her as the leader of the Tehuelches.
Robert Fitz Roy also referred to her after meeting in 1827 when she was around 40 years old. This time around, Maria was accompanied by her husband, a tall tehuelche, and five of her sons. Maria was the only one who spoke spanish and knew how to communicate with foreigners. She was an excellent horse rider and wore Virgin Mary hoop medals and pins which held her robe over her chest.
In 1827, during the first British expedition of the Patagonian coasts , the captain of the Adventure ship, Phillip Parker Kind, met Maria, daughter and respective sister of the caciques Vicenter and Bysante, and visited her village at San Gregorio bay, on the Magallanes stretch (Chile). Demonstrating great economic power, Maria traded meats, skins, guanaco robes, and ñandú feathers for swords, knives, tobacco, yerba mate, horse equipment, firearm ammunition, cloths, flour, sugar, and alcohol, among other goods. Kind described the village in great detail. Around 15 larger huts surrounded Maria's which was placed in the center, next to a smaller hut used as a deposit. Around 120 warriors responded to her.
Maria had many refugees in her villages, deserters of lobero ships or justice refugees, some were her protected peoples and others her enemies. William Arms and Tutis Coan, two American missionaries who stayed at in San Gregorio bay from November 14 1833, to January 25 1834, linked with Maria in regards to their plan to travel to Chile, as they already identified her as the representative of her village. Maria showed great generosity with the missionaries, gifting them a guancao leather quillango (traditional Patagonian robe). In 1843, aptain Blanchard of the French ship, Le Fleurs, also left behind information about Maria when he found her in Bahía Posesión. He described her as an old woman with authority.
Fitz Roy, who returned to her village to stock up on food provisions on a second expedition, had an opportunity of witnessing the religious ceremony led by Maria which captivated her followers. She used a small wooden figure, which she called her "Christ" and claimed to communicate with, performed, in religious syncretism, a ceremony which blended indigenous and Christian rites. This is what led to Charles Darwin calling her, "Santa Maria". At a certain point of the ritual, Maria would order her husband, Manuel, to pierce the arms and ears of her men with a needle causing them to bleed. Her followers considered this a great honor. Her first encounter with Vernet in the Valdes Peninsula in 1823, shows her strong territorial concept claiming the Cimarron cattle belonged to the Tehuelches as they were the inhabitants of the land. <blockquote>El gran jefe tehuelche arribó… una mujer que, acompañada por más de mil indios, lo invitó a negociar y conocer los derechos que su pueblo tenía sobre ese territorio.</blockquote>Más tarde, en 1829, siendo Gobernador de Malvinas, Vernet la invitó a visitar Puerto Luis, reconociendo su poder, con el propósito de concretar la creación de una factoría en la Bahía San Gregorio que gozaría de la protección de la cacique. Se dice que María se mareó mucho durante el viaje en barco, comió correctamente en la mesa y hasta cantó en una de las veladas musicales que organizaba siempre María Sáez de Vernet para las visitas. La iniciativa de la colonia quedó en nada debido a los sucesos que ocurrieron en las islas poco después (en 1833 las islas Malvinas fueron ocupadas por los ingleses).
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