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Emigration during the Hugo Chávez administration
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'''Emigration during the Hugo Chávez administration''' involved many Venezuelans, primarily upper-class and educated professionals, leaving Venezuela to live in other countries.<ref name="CSMbrazil">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name="WSJ2011">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> This trend would increase throughout Chávez's tenure,<ref name=":0" /> later culminating in the [[Venezuelan refugee crisis]]. From the beginning to the end of Chávez tenure, it was estimated by the [[Central University of Venezuela]] (UCV) that 1.5 million Venezuelans (four to six percent of the country's total population) had emigrated.<ref name="ENHaug28" />
== History ==
==== Election of Chávez ====
In 1998, when Chávez was first elected, 14 Venezuelans were granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] in the United States; according to [[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services]], 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum in the 12-month period ending in September 1999.<ref name="Reuters2007">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>Chávez's promise to allocate more funds to the impoverished concerned wealthy and middle-class Venezuelans, triggering the first wave of emigrants fleeing the Bolivarian government.<ref name="NYThungryDIA">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== 2002 coup d'état attempt ====
After the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|coup d'état attempt]] in April 2002 and years of political tension following Chávez's rise to power, Venezuela experienced a spike in emigration.<ref name="MWM">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> A May 2002 cable from the [[Embassy of the United States, Caracas|United States embassy in Caracas]] to United States agencies expressed astonishment at the number of Venezuelans attempting to enter the United States.<ref name="USarepa"></ref> By June of that year, many Venezuelans with family or links to other countries had emigrated; others, who had immigrated to Venezuela, began to leave due to economic and political instability.<ref name="MWM" />
==== Re-election of Chávez ====
Following the [[Venezuelan presidential election, 2006|2006 presidential elections]] and Chávez's re-election, visits to emigration websites by Venezuelans increased; visits to [[MeQuieroIr.com]] (Spanish for "I want to go") rose from 20,000 in December 2006 to 30,000 in January 2007, and there was a 700 percent increase in visa applications from Venezuelans at vivaenaustralia.com.<ref name="N24march2007">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Causes ==
Chávez's promise to allocate more funds to the impoverished concerned wealthy and middle-class Venezuelans, triggering the first wave of emigrants fleeing the Bolivarian government.<ref name="NYThungryDIA2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Later in his tenure, Chávez would seize private property and target political opponents, sparking increased uneasiness and ultimately emigration.<ref name=":0" /> [[Andrés Bello Catholic University]] Economic and Social Research Institute head Anitza Freitez stated that during the Chávez presidency, "individual development prospects and individual security" were the main causes of emigration from Venezuela.<ref name="EUjan2014">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Deterrents ==
Venezuelans also chose not to emigrate during the Chávez administration; an increased emigration rate was prevented due to deterrents.<ref name=":0" /> Though Venezuelans faced increased unrest later in Chávez's tenure, they were also prevented from leaving the country due to economic issues such as the [[Great Recession]] and because they lacked destination locations.<ref name=":0" /> According to professor Manuel Gomez of [[Florida International University]], Venezuelans at the time "weren't willing to sacrifice their social and professional status for a lesser life", though this would change as the crisis in Venezuela intensified.<ref name=":14">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Effects ==
The United States embassy in Caracas stated in May 2002 that the "drain of skilled workers could have a significant impact on Venezuela's future".<ref name="USarepa" /> This sentiment would also be shared later by ''[[Newsweek]]'', with the magazine stating in 2009 that "the outrush of Venezuelan brainpower is gutting universities and thinktanks, crippling industries and hastening the economic disarray that threatens to destroy one of the richest countries in the hemisphere" and that "the biggest export of the Bolivarian revolution is talent".<ref name=":0" /> By 2009, 9,000 Venezuelan scientists resided in the United States while 6,000 lived in Venezuela and it was estimated that more than one million Venezuelans had emigrated in the ten years that Chávez was president.<ref name=":0" /> According to the [[Central University of Venezuela]] (UCV), an estimated 1.5 million Venezuelans emigrated between 1999 and 2014.<ref name="ENHaug28">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Destinations ==
Many of the wealthy Venezuelans emigrated to the United States, mainly choosing to reside in [[Miami]], [[Doral, Florida|Doral]] and [[Weston, Florida]], while others decided to settle in [[Panama City]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Venezuelan oil professionals utilized their trade to work in Canadian oil industries.<ref name=":0" />
== References ==
[[Category:Brain drain]]
[[Category:Crisis in Venezuela]]
[[Category:Latin American diasporas]]
[[Category:Political history of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Venezuelan diaspora]]
http://bit.ly/2RrSvlD
